Lecture 10B_Slides

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A Growing Nation and Early Movements West Shifting US Borders & Borderlands: From the Louisiana Purchase… to the War of 1812, Tecumseh’s War, & the Red Stick War
A Growing Nation and Early Movements West Quick Overview 1. Review : US-Indigenous Treaty-Making & Diplomacy 2. Shifting US Borders & Borderlands 3. The Louisiana Purchase 4. The War of 1812, Tecumseh’s War, & the Red Stick War
Review: Early United States & Indigenous Policy Indigenous diplomacy & treaties were central to the early American state: • Treaties to end wars & conflict • Treaties to gain allies (who might otherwise ally with the British or Spanish) • Treaties to define borders • Treaties to purchase/cede land
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Review: Early United States & Indigenous Policy Indigenous diplomacy & treaties were central to the early American state: • Treaties to end wars & conflict • Treaties to gain allies (who might otherwise ally with the British or Spanish) • Treaties to define borders • Treaties to purchase/cede land REMEMBER… Nearly all treaties (whether with Native or European nations) include: 1.End of war or renewal of alliance 2.Recognition of sovereignty 3.Borders, cession, or exchange of land
Review: Early United States & Indigenous Policy Who had the right to treat with Indigenous nations & peoples? Post Constitution: • ONLY the federal government could treat with Indigenous nations • Individuals and states barred from treating or purchasing land directly (unless that land was already ceded/purchased by the US, and thus had already become US sovereign territory)
Review: Treaties & Land Cessions in the Early US https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=eb6ca76e008543a89349ff2517db47e6
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Review: Treaty Conferences
Review: Making Treaties with Indigenous Nations Case Example : Treaties made with the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) 1. British-Iroquois Treaty: Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768 2. US-Iroquois Treaty: Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794
Review: Making Treaties with Indigenous Nations Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768 • Signed between the British imperial government & Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) • Remember the western boundary lines : This treaty decided new border between British- colonial & Indigenous territory; affirmed Haudenosaunee sovereign territory • Treaty also renewed British-Haudenosaunee alliance & peace
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Review: Making Treaties with Indigenous Nations Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794 • Signed between the US federal government & Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) • Treaty set border between US (NY) & Indigenous land; affirmed Haudenosaunee sovereign territory • Treaty also affirmed US-Haudenosaunee alliance & peace
Review: The Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794
Review: Treaties & US- Indigenous Relations Indigenous diplomacy & treaties: Begin to see important shifts in the early republic • Change in language & symbolism of treaties → US gov. desire to make Indigenous treaties look more like European treaties • US government far less interested in recognizing Indigenous title → Expansionist impulses, changing geopolitical landscape, demographics, etc.
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Shifting US Borders & Borderlands
A map of the United States of North America, Aaron Arrowsmith, 1796
Map of the United States , Abraham Bradley, 1804
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Map of the United States , Abraham Bradley, 1804
Map of the state of Ohio, 1805
The Louisiana Purchase Louisiana • 1800: (Re)acquired by France – secret treaty between Spain and France • France (Napoleon) saw Louisiana as a venue for colonial settlement & a market for sugar produced by French Caribbean colonies • Louisiana territory stretched from Mississippi to Rocky Mountains
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The Louisiana Purchase Louisiana How did Louisiana become part of the US?
The Louisiana Purchase Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804)
The Louisiana Purchase Haitian Revolution → Louisiana Purchase Amid Haitian Revolution, US and France were negotiating LA purchase
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The Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase Much like other purchases and treaties… European Treaty Land Cession / Land Sale Automatic New Territory → Not only from a material level, but also from a LEGAL LEVEL
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The Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase Much like other purchases and treaties… European Treaty Land Cession / Land Sale Possibility of Acquiring New Territory → It’s only the first step → Still requires (practically and legally) cessions and sales from Indigenous nations
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The Louisiana Purchase Louisiana as US territory? • Indigenous nations living in that same territory had not yet ceded or sold any of that land
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The Louisiana Purchase Louisiana as US territory? • Americans had set out to secure the port of New Orleans
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The Louisiana Purchase Ripple Effects
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Louisiana, 1805
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The Louisiana Purchase Lewis & Clark Expedition • Soon after purchasing Louisiana, Jefferson dispatched two fellow Virginians, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, to explore it • Instructed to conduct scientific and commercial surveys • Instructed to find route to Pacific Ocean
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A salmon depicted in William Clark’s journal of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Gathering Information About the West
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A map of the discoveries of Capt. Lewis & Clark from the Rockey Mountain and the River Lewis to the Cap of Disappointement or the Coloumbia River at the north Pacific Ocean, c. 1807
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The Louisiana Purchase Lewis & Clark Expedition • Most of Louisiana inhabited by Indigenous peoples (Only New Orleans had a significant non- Indigenous population) • Huge implications for ongoing western expansion and Indigenous relations
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The War of 1812 What lens should we use? • War with Britain, redux? • “Second War of Independence”? • Imperial War? • Part of Napoleonic Wars? • Part of Indigenous Wars?
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The War of 1812 War with Britain, redux US nation divided over declaration of war:
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The War of 1812 War with Britain, redux How to fight a war? Could the US take on the British Empire (again)?
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The War of 1812
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The War of 1812 War with Britain, redux American victories against British directly were few → BUT…many decisive victories against Indigenous forces in the South & West
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The War of 1812 War with Britain, redux War’s end: Treaty of Ghent • No major territorial changes • But major implications for slavery :
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The War of 1812 “Second War of Independence” How else does the War of 1812 look like the Revolutionary War? Less about British Army vs. Americans…more about the Indigenous dimensions of the wars
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The War of 1812 1812-1815: War of 1812 1810-1813: Tecumseh’s War 1813-1814: Creek War/Red Stick War
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War Party at Fort Douglas , by Peter Rindisbacher, 1823. War Party at Fort Douglas
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The War of 1812 Context of the War(s) Backdrop of deteriorating Indigenous relations in the West:
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The War of 1812 Context of the War(s) Backdrop of deteriorating Indigenous relations in the West:
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The War of 1812 Context of the War(s) Backdrop of other changing Indigenous policies:
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The War of 1812 Context of the War(s) Euro-American Expansion • By 1800: nearly 400,000 settlers west of Appalachian Mountains
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The War of 1812 Context of the War(s) Rising Indigenous Resistance • Rise of hybrid leaders among Creeks, Cherokees, others • Reaction of ”Nativists” - – Indigenous leaders and prophets who wanted to cast out European influence from Indigenous communities • 1800- 1812: ”Age of Prophecy” → Especially among Creeks, Cherokees, Shawnees, Iroquois
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The War of 1812 Context of the War(s) Rising Indigenous Resistance → Expressions of nativism:
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The War of 1812 Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa (Shawnee) –
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The War of 1812 Or Tecumseh’s War Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa (Shawnee) – • Urged Shawnees and others to actively resist the US • Tenskwatawa as prophet: argued that whites were the source of all evil and that Indians should completely separate from everything European
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The War of 1812 Or Tecumseh’s War Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa (Shawnee) – • 1810: Tecumseh organized attacks on frontier settlements • 1811: in Tecumseh’s absence, William Henry Harrison’s forces destroyed the militants’ village at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War • Like the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 provoked/coincided with Indigenous civil wars • Red Stick War — not simply Indigenous resistance to Americans or Indigenous alliance with Britain…
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Biographical Snapshots from the Creek or Red Stick War
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Hillis Harjo, or Josiah Francis • Red Stick religious leader • Influenced by Tecumseh and Shawnee revivalist movement • Became “prophet” of Red Stick movement → attempt to purify Creek culture of foreign elements
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Hillis Harjo, or Josiah Francis • 1812: Began civil war against Creek Indian National Council (which was seeking closer relationship to US) • 1814: After major US victory at Horseshoe Bend, Francis & 1000 Red Sticks fled to north Florida
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Hillis Harjo, or Josiah Francis • In Florida: allied with British forces • Became known as “Seminoles” • 1815: Francis and delegation went to London to try to revive war but British declined • 1817: Helped instigate first Seminole War
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Menawa • War chief of Creek village of Okfuskee • Previously famous for attacking TN Cumberland settlers • Acquired named “ Hothlepoya ” or “crazy war hunter” • By 1813: One of wealthiest Creeks. Operated trading store
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Menawa • During War: Led Red Stick forces in Battle of Horseshoe Bend (against MG Andrew Jackson) • After War: One of few Red Stick chiefs to survive. Fully reintegrated in Creek political life
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Menawa • 1825: Led party of Creek National Council warriors to execute William McIntosh, who illegally ceded Creek land to US • 1820s-30s: Menawa maintained peaceful relations despite settler encroachments
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Timpoochee Barnard • Chief of Yuchi Indians (part of Creek Nation ) • Member of Creek National Council • Father, Timothy Barnard, was a well-known & lucrative trader to the Creek Nation who also served as an official government interpreter
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Timpoochee Barnard • Signed Treaty to End Creek War • Signed subsequent treaties to cede land to American settlers
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Kah-nung-da-tla-geh, or Major Ridge [Cherokee] • Previous fought during Chickamauga Wars • Involved in “civilization” program • Opened ferry service, became a planter • Council member of centralized Cherokee government
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The War of 1812 Or The Red Stick War Kah-nung-da-tla-geh, or Major Ridge [Cherokee] • Stifled revivalist movement among Cherokees • Creek/Red Stick War: Allied with US government to fight against the Creeks
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The War(s) of 1812 Legacies of the War(s) WESTERN EXPANSION & INDIGENOUS RELATIONS
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The War(s) of 1812 Legacies of the War(s) NATIONALISM
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The War(s) of 1812 Legacies of the War(s) MORE SHIFTING BORDERS
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The War(s) of 1812 Legacies of the War(s) ATLANTIC & DIPLOMATIC DIMENSIONS • NAPOLEONIC WARS:
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