C121 Task 2

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Western Governors University *

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C121

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History

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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40 Noori 1 Rahana Shaheen Noori C121 Task 2 11 th November 2022 Question A1: Explain the reasons for the rise of partisan politics in the early republic (that is, major conflicts and concerns that played a role in the development of the First Party System). The Early Republic was characterized by partisan politics because the Americas required a powerful central authority. The American Constitution was drafted as a means for national authorities to create laws and choices for the people. Antifederalist opposed these stipulations, but they were defeated by the Federalist, who accepted them. With the shift in politics, the lives of the early Americans had transformed. While African Americans in the South faced stricter regulations and attacks on their traditional cultures, Northerners emancipated black slaves. “Between 1792 to the 1820s, the American political system was divided into two parties, a time period known as the "First Party System. The Democratic-Republican Party and the Federalist Party both aimed to seize power in the states, the presidency, and Congress. The parties emerged as a result of disagreements between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton about how to address numerous national issues, including the then-looming economic catastrophe. However, these political parties' and issues' foundations first became apparent during the passage of the constitution” In contrast to the Democratic-Republicans (Antifederalists), who opposed the constitution because it failed to address important issues, the Federalists supported the new constitution. (Norton, 2015) “Alexander Hamilton was selected by George Washington to serve as his secretary of the Treasury. Given his reputation as a political powerhouse, Hamilton's first task was to address the mounting national debt. He came up with a scheme that held the wealthy responsible for ensuring the government's survival because they controlled all the wealth. The Report on Public Credit was what he termed it” In order to find a means to provide safeties that would pay the unpaid interest, Congress would combine the national and state obligations. Hamilton then asked for the establishment of a national bank that would be based on the Bank of England. Money would be gathered and distributed into the national treasury. Hamilton also tried to support industrial growth and try to tax whiskey. Republicans, a group opposed to these proposals who claimed Hamilton was weakening American values, were led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Hamilton thought the republicans were attempting to split the young country

apart. This resulted in Hamilton and his supporters being referred to as the Federalists, which started the period's several partisan political groups. (Norton, 2015) English expansion of North America was affected by friendly determinants had connection with government, myth, and economy. “The Puritans abandoned England for America being next or after scrupulous immunity, restrain mind that ritual performed a big duty in the English leaving. England had settled pope's jurisdiction of England as additional religion subsequently severing allure ties to the Roman Catholic Church. However, the Puritans were wronged cause they acted not regard the King as the head of pope's jurisdiction”. (Norton, 2015) The capitalist concept of putting money into developing businesses to increase profits was also very popular in Britain. They thought that emigration to the colonies of North America would offer them great economic opportunities. Some chose to immigrate to America to acquire vast open fields of land to build their own. Question B1: When previously elected leaders were mostly picked by the wealthy elite, the Second Party System democratized politics, hence increasing American political engagement. “When Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828, he fought for increased presidential authority and urged working-class Americans to participate in politics. Voters were able to mold the government to more closely match their values, as the nation's founders had intended, thanks to the creation of two different parties that were intimately related to issues and struggles of the day. Supporters of the two leading parties in the system were split along socioeconomic and philosophical lines. Unlike the Whig Party, which primarily supported commercial and industrial concerns, the Democratic Party was the party of the people”. As a result, both parties received support from both the North and the South, easing the tensions between the two sides that had sparked the Civil War. Additionally, there was high party loyalty. (Norton, 2015) Question B2: The process of choosing presidential electors became more democratic. “In the past, they had often been chosen by a caucus of party leaders, but by 1824, eighteen of the twenty-four states had adopted the popular vote system. The congressional caucus, in which members of the House and Senate of the same political party chose their candidate, was thus abolished in the 1824 election as politicians increased their appeals to voters. Jackson, Adams, and Crawford were the last three candidates to be taken into consideration by the House based on the results of the Electoral College. Although Henry Clay was not a finalist, he was the Speaker of the House at the time, and it was his responsibility to negotiate which of his three most recent challengers would win the presidency”. Despite the fact that Jackson had received the most electoral votes and

the most popular votes, Clay, who had openly opposed Jackson for years, chose Adams. Adams was so appreciative of the victory that he appointed Clay as his Secretary of State. (Norton, 2015) The selection of Clay as secretary of state and the election that followed were loudly referred to by Andrew Jackson and his allies as a "corrupt bargain." “Jackson was one of the country's most well-liked statesmen and was largely considered as a hero of both the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812. (that is, White Americans regarded him as a hero while Black Americans, enslaved Americans, and Indigenous peoples were subjects of his brutal discrimination). He founded the Democratic Party with the help of the voting people and local militia leaders. Then, in the presidential election of 1828, Jackson and his new Democratic Party overthrew Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams with the aid of his most important ally, Martin Van Buren”. (Norton, 2015) Religion and ethnic background, as much as class, affected body affiliation. The Whigs’ support for moral correct requested to evangelical Protestants in addition to free hopeless voters. In many settings, enrollment rolls of reform associations overhung those of the party. Whigs’ rallies featured camp convergences; their speeches working podium rhetoric; their programs include reformers’ stickler beliefs. On the other hand, Democrats’ promises to open supplementary lands for settlement enticed worker farmers, practice earners, boundary slave partner, and immigrants. The Whigs’ choice for lazier, controlled conclusion of westerly lands attracted groups as various as angry New Englanders and slave partner in the Upper South; the former counted on to undersell slavery itself, and the concluding desired to protect their grants from vulgar western contest. With broad elector coalitions, range existed inside each body for a spectrum of ideas, specifically regarding servitude. Question B3: The Second Party System was the first and only one where the two major parties competed on a level playing field across the country.”Up until the mid-1850s, when the Third Party System took its place, the Second Party System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic, and cultural concerns of the American people. Political scientists and historians refer to the political structure that prevailed in the United States from roughly 1828 to 1854 as the Second Party System. The Third-Party System came next, taking the place of the First Party System. Starting in 1828, the system was characterized by a sharp increase in voter interest, as evidenced by election day turnout, rallies, political newspapers, and a high level of partisan allegiance among individuals. The two major parties were the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, a confederation of National Republicans, other Jackson opponents, and Daniel Webster. Minor parties included the Anti-Masonic Party, which was active from 1827 to 1834 and was a significant innovator, the Liberty Party in 1840, the Free-

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