Unit 8 Stimulus-Based MCQs Answers: 20th Century Conflicts

© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 1 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (A) Imperialism Correct : The cartoon shows the scramble for Africa between the European nations, which is a reflection of Imperialism. Conflicts between the European states over African and Asia holdings was one of the M.A.I.N. causes of World War I. (B) Nationalism Incorrect : Although Imperialism influenced both a rise in Nationalism in Europe as well as in the imperial holdings, such as India, it is not what this particular cartoon is trying to address. (C) Alliances Incorrect : The cartoon is not a reflection of the two rival alliances that led to World War I, although in some ways Imperialism contributed to the creation of these alliances. (D) Alliances Incorrect : The militarism that led to World War I was most clearly reflected in the Naval Arms Race between Germany and Great Britain, which is not something shown in this particular cartoon. 1. Which of the following causes of World War I is depicted in this political cartoon from 1885? (A) Napoleon’s invasion of Russia Incorrect : Napoleon’s disastrous invasion of Russia, which ended in Napoleon’s defeat was not related to the Imperialism reflected in the cartoon. (B) The Boer Wars Correct : The Boer Wars were between the Boers, or descendants of the Dutch in South Africa, and the British who moved into South Africa after the Berlin Conference. This was a clash of Imperial powers, both trying to claim the same land, and the cartoon reflects the greed of the Imperial powers that would ultimately lead to conflicts between them. 2. Which of the following conflicts is a reflection of the actions depicted in this political cartoon?

© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 2 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (C) The Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Incorrect : The Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand occurred in Austria and was a reflection of the Nationalist conflict between Austria and Serbia. The cartoon is a reflection of Imperialism. (D) The establishment of the Holy Alliance Incorrect : The Holy Alliance formed between Germany, Italy and Russia was supposed to keep the peace in Europe through Christian principles after the defeat of Napoleon. This was not reflected in this cartoon about Imperialism. (A) Germany was the first to declare War in World War I and therefore needed to take full responsibility for the war, even though it wasn’t necessarily at fault. Incorrect : Germany was not the first country to declare war, that honor goes to Austria, which declared war on Serbia in response to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. (B) The militaristic history of Germany which goes back to the establishment of Prussia with the creation of a country around a military. Correct : From the creation of Prussia as a state around a military, to Bismarck’s plan to use war to unify Germany, German and the German people have always been militaristic. It is a large part of the German identity, so although the policy of demilitarizing Germany was a means to prevent it from being a military threat, it was also a main reason why an intense sense of revenge formed amongst the German people, ultimately leading to the outbreak of World War II. (C) The need to have Germany pay for rebuilding the Allied countries after the War ended. Incorrect : The implementation of reparations to be paid by Germany to help rebuild the Allies after the War, was not part of this particular Article. 3. Which of the following best explains the reason for the Article 159 of the Treaty as well as the reason why it was such a disaster?

© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 3 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (D) The reduction of the German borders and the creation of new European states that would reflect National Self Determination. Incorrect : Germany’s border was reduced and many Germans did in fact find themselves outside of the the borders of Germany, causing resentments that would later lead to Hitler’s expansionist policies that contributed to the start of World War II however, that is not part of this particular article. (A) The Dawes Plan was established to help Germany pay its reparations in order to stop Germany from collapsing and upsetting the Balance of Power in Europe. Correct : The Dawes Plan was when US banks loaned money to Germany after Germany’s attempt to continue to pay reparations resulted in hyperinflation. The policy was designed to prevent Germany from collapsing and upsetting the balance of power in Europe. (B) The League of Nations established as part of President Wilson’s 14 Points was designed to counter Germany or any other state that were to act as an aggressor. Incorrect : The League of Nations was established after World War I but it was intended to be a means in which to maintain peace in Europe through diplomacy, and it was not connected to the reparation payments that Germany was required to pay. (C) The US did not get involved at all, but rather moved into a period of isolation, staying out of all European affairs Incorrect : The US did in fact go into a period of isolation, however the policy was never absolute as the US and organizations within the US did get involved in Europe when they felt the need, such as the Dawes Plan which provided money to keep Germany solvent. (D) The Marshall Plan, introduced to provide economic aid to any country in Europe that promised to implement democracy in Europe. Incorrect : The Marshall Plan was the US economic plan designed to benefit the countries of Europe after World War II, not World War I. 4. How and why did the United States get involved with the implementation of Article 232?

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© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 4 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (A) Because according to Marx and Engels a true Communist State will not succeed without having gone through the necessary stage of capitalism and the USSR skipped that step Correct : In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels explained that communism was the end result of an evolutionary process. In order to reach that ultimate goal, a state had to go through the pains associated with a capitalist system. This excerpt shows Stalin’s recognition of that process and the desire to implement programs that would fill that gap. (B) To show that Lenin’s NEP was successful in establishing a strong economic base for Communism Incorrect : Lenin’s NEP was in fact implemented in order to introduce aspects of capitalism into the Soviet Union. However, Stalin’s excerpt is more of a reflection that it did not work, than it is a reflection that it did work. (C) To encourage world-wide communist revolutions to provide protection and security for the Soviet Union Incorrect : It was Lenin and not Stalin who believed that the security of the Soviet Union was dependent on world-wide communist revolutions. (D) Stalin was trying to explain the difference between Communism and Fascism and why Communism was the better option Incorrect : This was published in 1928, and although Fascism was in the works at the time, it had not fully taken root in any significant way just yet so Stalin’s writings would not have reflected that. 5. Which of the following reflects why Stalin made this particular argument in 1928? (A) The New Economic Policy Incorrect : The New Economic Policy or NEP was Lenin’s earlier attempt to try and skip over the necessary step of capitalism. The fact that it was not particularly successful is why Stalin implemented the 5 Year Plans 6. What did Stalin do in reaction to the issue he is discussing here?

© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 5 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (B) The 5 Year Plans Correct : Stalin’s 5 Year Plans were designed to implement aspects of capitalism into the Soviet Union with the hope that it would strengthen the base that the country was built on. (C) The creation of the Mir Incorrect : The creation of the Mir occurred under Czar Alexander II in 1861 as part of the reforms enacted after the Crimean War. (D) The invasion of Afghanistan Incorrect : The invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union occurred in the 1980s and was part of the Soviet desire to expand its sphere of influence, but it was not something that Stalin would have known about in 1928. (A) Socialism Incorrect : Although throughout this passage it seems as though Mussolini’s primary target is Marxist Socialism or Communism, in the last line he challenges the notion that a nation with universal suffrage would experience success. Universal suffrage is a staple in a true democratic system of government. (B) Communism Incorrect : Although throughout this passage it seems as though Mussolini’s primary target is Marxist Socialism or Communism, in the last line he challenges the notion that a nation with universal suffrage would experience success. Universal suffrage is a staple in a true democratic system of government. (C) Democracy Correct : Although throughout this passage it seems as though Mussolini’s primary target is Marxist Socialism or Communism, in the last line he challenges the notion that a nation with universal suffrage would experience success. Universal suffrage is a staple in a true democratic system of government. 7. Which political ideology was Mussolini attacking in the last line of this passage?

© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 6 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (D) Fascism Incorrect : Mussolini is promoting Fascism in this passage, and in fact he was one of the first to implement a truly Fascist government when he took control of Italy (A) The Reinsurance Treaty Incorrect : The Reinsurance Treaty was not related to Mussolini, rather it was the agreement between Germany and Russia prior to World War I that delayed the inevitable direct conflict between the two countries. (B) The Schlieffen Plan Incorrect : The Schlieffen plan was not related to Italy; it was actually the German plan of attack for the beginning of World War I. The plan was to attack France, defeat it in three weeks and then turn on Russia, it was the reason Germany had signed the Reinsurance Treaty. (C) The Pact of Steel Correct : The perceived strength of Italy under Mussolini did not go unnoticed by Hitler, who was also establishing a fascist government in Germany. Once the two were solidly in power in their respective countries, it was inevitable that the two would ally together, as they did with the signing of the Pact of Steel in 1939. (D) The March on Rome Incorrect : The March on Rome was Mussolni’s first attempt to gain power in Italy. Although the March failed to overturn the Italian government, it did lead to Mussolini’s appointment as Prime Minister of Italy more than 10 years before this excerpt was written. 8. Which of the following is a reflection of the wide ranging impact that Mussolni’s speech had on other European countries? (A) Guilt people into joining the war effort Correct : Propaganda was a huge factor in World War I, and this poster is a perfect example of how governments used it to gain the support of the people. In this particular poster it is showing how everyone can and should contribute to the war effort. 9. This poster was intended to

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© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 7 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (B) Encourage the draft Incorrect : The poster was more likely to make a draft unnecessary, but putting the onus on the people to make the decision to get involved in whatever way they can. (C) Demonize the Central Powers Incorrect : There were definitely propaganda posters that did demonize the Central Powers, however this particular poster does not reflect the Central Powers at all. (D) Sell War Bonds Incorrect : The poster is entirely aimed at how people can physically aid in the war efforts of Great Britain and not in how they can economically contribute (A) Total War Correct : The concept of Total War means that all aspects of society are involved in the country’s war effort. This kind of system required sacrifices in the civilian way of life, and was the case for most European Countries involved in World War I. (B) Trench Warfare Incorrect : Trench Warfare is the term used to describe the kind of warfare used in World War I, where the front lines literally dug into the ground for protection against the opposing lines. This kind of warfare led directly to a stalemate for 4 years between the Central Powers and the Triple Alliance. (C) Wartime Economics Incorrect : The image does actually depict what the wartime economies of those countries involved in the war were, however the question asked what the concept was that was portrayed, and that is Total War. (D) The Homefront Incorrect : The image also does depict the Homefront during the war, but that is too broad of an answer, the concept that is being portrayed is in fact Total War. 10. The general term for the concept portrayed in this poster is

© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 8 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (A) Increase the supply of gasoline to the civilian population Incorrect : If anything there would be a decrease in the supply of gasoline to the civilian population as the gas would be rationed to make sure there was enough to supply the military efforts. (B) Encourage civilians to hoard supplies needed in case of an attack Incorrect : The government would certainly not rely on the civilian population to hoard supplies, but would rather ask them to ration supplies so that the government could use them for the military efforts. (C) Distribute ration books and encourage the growing of one’s own food Correct : In order for Total War to work the civilian population must make sacrifices. One of the most common tactics used by governments to make this work is the use of ration books, forcing the civilian population to reduce their consumption in order to make sure there are enough food and supplies to keep the troops going. (D) Deficit spending in order to maintain the civilian lifestyle Incorrect : Using deficit spending could be very dangerous for a country and could spiral them into such a deep debt that they won’t be able to recover. It is very likely that a country at war would have to use deficit spending to fund the war so it is more likely that the government would require the civilian population to ration. 11. Which of the following is an example of something that the government would promote during a war where such a program existed? (A) Anti-semitism Correct : In Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf , he begins the process of laying the groundwork for the Holocaust. His plan is to rise to power on the back of the Jewish population. By using them as scapegoats for the struggles of Germany he was able to gain the support of the German people. This excerpt shows how Hitler was explaining how there is a definite racial hierarchy, which will feed into the already present anti- semitism that existed in Germany and Europe. 12. Which of the following is HItler justifying in this excerpt from Mein Kampf ?

© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 9 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (B) The Anschluss Incorrect : The Anschluss was the German takeover of Austria in 1936. The Austrian’s actually asked Hitler to incorporate them into his Third Reich because they too had been devastated by the Treaty of Versailles and they wanted to Hitler to help them recover as well. Although the anti-semitism this passage justifies did occur in Austria, it was not what Hitler was refering to. (C) The Invasion of Poland Incorrect : The Invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 was the start of World War II and was a definite part of Hitler’s plan to expand throughout Europe, however, it is important to note that the Holocaust and World War II were two distinct events, that occured simultaneously. (D) National Self Determination Incorrect : National Self-Determination was the belief that all people of one nationality had the right to live together in their own sovereign state. This was part of Hitler’s philosophy and reasoning behind his expansion, especially into the Sudetenland, the part of Czechoslovakia that bordered Germany and contained a number of German Nationals. (A) Setting fire to the Reichstadt Incorrect : Setting fire to the Reichstag was a scheme concocted to gain more power in the German parliament. The plan included blaming the communists for the fire which occurred right before the Reichstag elections. This was a demonization of a political group rather than a race as is apparent in this particular passage of Mein Kampf . (B) Invading the Rhineland Incorrect : Hitler’s invasion of the Rhineland in 1936 was a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles, but it was not a reflection of Hitler’s racial philosophy that is apparent in this passage. 13. How did Hitler solidify his beliefs expressed here into German Law?

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© Heimler’s History TM Please do not share or post online. *Advanced Placement ® and AP ® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. page 10 of 10 UNIT 8 STIMULUS BASED MCQs ANSWERS 20TH CENTURY GLOBAL CONFLICTS (C) The Night of Long Knives Incorrect : The Night of Long Knives was the systematic execution of communist and socialist members of the Nazi party once Hitler had gained power and no longer needed them to reach his goals. This was an attack on a political group rather than a reflection of Hiler’s philosophy on race. (D) The passing of the Nuremberg Laws Correct : The Nuremberg Laws were a series of anti-semitic laws designed to restrict the lives of the Jewish population in Germany, and thus confirming the use of them as scapegoats for the ills that plagued Germany. One of the Laws was the restriction of marriage between Jews and “Aryans”, something that is clearly reflected in Hitler’s rationale in this passage.

AP_EURO_HRG_Unit_8_MCQ_Answers

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