US History UNIT III Power Point Outline FINAL

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Jan 9, 2024

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US History UNIT III Power Point Outline THE WAR OF 1812 Shays rebellion 1786 - 1788 In the 1780s, most farmers in Massachusetts were very poor, former revolutionary war soldiers. The businesses in Boston demanded immediate payment for all goods the farmers purchased through credit. With no way to repay their depts, authorities in Boston began arresting the farmers and foreclosing their properties. This led rebels from all over the state to attack the local courthouses and dept collectors. In 1787 the Army was sent from Connecticut to Springfield MA to stop the rebellions. The final battle of Shays rebellion was fought in Sheffield MA, in late February, and it was the bloodiest of them all. The battle of Shays rebellion made the country stronger by making leaders revamp the country’s finances. During the Philadelphia Convention inn 1787, leaders met to discuss the many problems the new nation had come into, and the United States Constitution was written. Some of the key figures in Shays’ rebellion were Captain Joseph Hines from Northampton MA. He led 100s of men to block judges from entering the courthouses, he was joined by hundreds more from Amherst. The rebellion was named after Daniel Shay, who was one of the leaders of the rebellion. He led over 600 men to Springfield MA to shut down the courts. Chief Justice William Whiting, from the Berkshires, was in favor of the rebellion. He accused the State of trying to make money off the poor farmers. Samuel Adams however was not in favor, he called for the execution of all the rebels that were arrested. Governor James Bowdoin organized the militia too protect the state against the rebel attacks. His army broke up the rebellion at the Springfield MA armory in 1787. Pictured is the monument in Sheffield MA, titled last battle. Innovations and tactics Shays' Rebellion was not known for innovative tactics or military strategies. Instead, the rebellion was characterized by a series of relatively small-scale, disorganized confrontations that were driven more by desperation and frustration than by any clear plan or strategy. However, there were a few notable aspects of the rebellion that distinguished it from previous conflicts: 1. The involvement of veterans: The rebels included many veterans of the American Revolutionary War, who brought their military experience and training to the conflict. 2. The use of media: The rebels used the press to publicize their grievances and attract support from sympathetic Americans. 3. The use of civil disobedience: The rebels engaged in acts of civil disobedience, such as refusing to pay taxes and disrupting court proceedings, as a means of protesting government policies. Overall, while Shay's Rebellion did not introduce any significant military innovations, it did highlight the power of civil disobedience and the importance of public opinion in shaping the outcome of conflicts.

Key Takeaways of Shays’ Rebellion The final outcome of the rebellion was that the Massachusetts state government was able to put down the uprising and restore order. However, the rebellion had significant consequences. It revealed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, which had established a weak central government with limited powers and helped to galvanize support for the creation of a stronger federal government under the Constitution. Additionally, the rebellion highlighted the economic struggles of working-class Americans and the need for government policies that could address their grievances. The rebellion also spurred efforts to reform the legal and financial systems in Massachusetts, including the establishment of a new state constitution that addressed some of the concerns raised by the rebels. Overall, Shay's Rebellion was an important event in American history because it helped to shape the debate over the role of government in the United States and the need for a strong central authority to maintain order and protect the interests of all citizens. Fries’ Rebellion 1798-1799 John Fries - Leader of the Rebellion In 1998, the federalist-controlled congress voted on a new tax law that increased the tax percentage on houses and lands, congress also ordered that the taxes had to be paid in either gold or silver. This tax increase was to raise money due to the anticipated Quasi war with France. At the time, Philadelphia was the capital of the United States. This infuriated the local population, who were mostly German, in Pennsylvania because they were now paying more taxes than their properties were worth. Heavy protesting began in many Penn counties, some protests were violent. Hundreds of locals gathered and attacked the tax collectors, sometimes pouring boiling water on them, and destroying tax records. Many were arrested and tried for treason but were all later pardoned by the President. The major outcome in this rebellion was that the German American population began to reject the Federalist party. John Fries was the leader of the rebellion. He was charged with treason and sentenced to death but was pardoned by President Adams. Pictured is a large fight in front of Enoch Roberts tavern March 6 th , 1799, Enoch tavern was the original meeting place the rebels used before they attacked. This tavern can still be visited today in Quakertown Pennsylvania and is now the historic Red lion Inn. Shays’ and Fries’ Rebellions Both of these rebellions were initiated from demanding more money form the common citizen, whether it was raising the taxes on the landowners in Pennsylvania or forcing immediate payback from the poor farmers of Massachusetts. Using pitchforks, clubs, boiling water, rifles and pistols, the rebels fought back against the government and made a permanent impression using mob like tactics. Both rebellions forced military action against them, and most of the rebels in both wars were pardoned by the same government that tried them for treason. Overview of War 1812 The War of 1812 was a significant turning point in American military history, as it marked the first time that the United States engaged in a major conflict with a foreign power since its independence from Great Britain (Hickey, 2012). The War of 1812 helped to establish the United

States as a major player on the global stage and paved the way for a more assertive foreign policy. Prior to the war, the United States had struggled to assert its independence and maintain its neutrality in the face of European conflicts. However, the War of 1812 demonstrated that the United States could defend itself against a major world power like Great Britain. The war also helped to strengthen American nationalism and identity, which in turn led to a desire for more expansion and involvement in world affairs. Furthermore, the War of 1812 highlighted the importance of a strong navy in protecting American interests overseas. As a result, the United States began to invest heavily in naval power, building up its fleet and expanding its presence in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Overall, the War of 1812 played a significant role in shaping American foreign policy, paving the way for a more assertive and proactive approach to international affairs. Participating Forces The United States was involved with the American military comprising regular troops, state militias, and volunteers. The American navy also played a significant role in several key battles. The British military comprised regular troops, Canadian militia, and indigenous allies. The British navy also played a significant role in several key battles. Causes of the War of 1812 stemmed from trade disputes between the United States and Great Britain because of the British imposing restrictions on American trade and impressing American sailors into British service. There were also territorial disputes. The United States wanted to expand its territory westward, but Great Britain still controlled several forts and territories in the Northwest. Groups of American politicians, known as "war hawks," wanted to go to war with Britain to assert American independence and expand American territory. Key Figures of War 1812 James Madison: was President of the United States during the War of 1812. He signed the declaration of war against Britain and was a key figure in shaping American strategy. William Henry Harrison was an American military commander who won the Battle of Tippecanoe against Tecumseh's confederacy in 1811 and played a significant role in the Battle of the Thames in 1813. Isaac Brock was the British military commander who played a key role in capturing Detroit and was killed during the Battle of Queenstown Heights in 1812. Tecumseh was an Indigenous leader who formed a confederacy of Native American tribes to resist American expansion into their territory. He fought alongside the British in several key battles during the war. Outcomes and Significance The war ended in a stalemate, with neither side achieving a decisive victory. The Treaty of Ghent, signed in December 1814, ended the war, and restored the status quo ante bellum, or the situation before the war. The war helped to strengthen American nationalism and identity, particularly in the wake of key victories like the Battle of New Orleans. The war had a significant impact on indigenous nations in the Great Lakes region, with many being displaced from their land and losing their autonomy. It also helped to establish the United States as a major player on the global stage and paved the way for further expansion and involvement in world affairs

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