Literature Review_McDowell

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Literature Review Template – Obstruction of Justice: Video and Audio Recordings of Police Officers Molly McDowell Criminal Justice, ECPI University CJ410: Capstone Project Professor M. Sullivan January 7, 2024

2 Literature Review Template – Obstruction of Justice: Video and Audio Recordings of Police Officers Academic Source 1: Journal Newell, B. C. (2018). Context, visibility, and control: Police work and the contested objectivity of bystanders. New Media & Society, 21 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818786477 This study explores the overall impact of bystander video on police work, one of the emerging research issues on justice obstruction in the emerging digital world. This study is unique and novel because it sheds light on how police officers perceive and understand the effects of bystander video on their role, including arresting suspects. Drawing from evidence (qualitative data) retrieved from two police departments, Newell (2018) details how officers' apprehension of transparency, documentation, and objectivity manifests as broader issues within police work that have been exacerbated by new media platforms and surveillance technologies, including video recording tools. The outcomes of the study reveal that officers' main concerns derive from their perceived incapacity to regulate the context of the information recorded by bystanders, edited, and released to broad audiences online via popular platforms, including YouTube. Another source of concern stems from the undesired visibility or accountability that the sharing of information generates. For my research, this study underscores the increasingly significant impact of digital tools on police work. It adds a layer of evidence that justifies why audio and video recordings by witnesses and bystanders must be regulated. Academic Source 2: Journal

3 Blaskovits, B., & Bennell, C. (2019). Exploring the potential impact of body-worn cameras on memory in officer-involved critical incidents: A literature review. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 35, 251-262. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-09354-1 While recording video or audio files or taking pictures of an ongoing interaction between law enforcement officers and suspects, bystanders/eyewitnesses/public may knowingly or unknowingly obstruct justice, for example, the arrest of the suspect or the evidence to be used in the court of law to incriminate the suspect. Often, giving evidence of such interference in a court of law can be difficult for law enforcement officers without eyewitnesses (which can be challenging) or body-worn cameras. This study compiles a body of literature that explores the potential impact of body-worn cameras on officer memory in multiple settings, including critical incidents involving obstruction of justice, such as bystanders taking videos/audio during an ongoing interaction with suspects. The researchers emphasize how body-worn cameras can help officers reconstruct crime scenes and prove in a court of law how stressful situations during their interactions with suspects and eyewitnesses obstructed their work. For my research, this study underscores the role of body-worn cameras in recording police interactions, including any potential interference from onlookers. Academic Source 2: Journal Mohler, M., Campbell, C., Henderson, K., & Renauer, B. (2022). Policing in an era of sousveillance: A randomized controlled trial examining the influence of video footage on perceptions of legitimacy. Policing and Society, 32 (1), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1878169 While recording police interactions with suspects and the public might occasionally distract or obstruct justice, the First Amendment grants people this right of expression, including

4 recording activities in public spaces. Additionally, there is a plethora of evidence that demonstrates its benefits. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) examines how video footages impact the public's perception of police legitimacy. It primarily reports the outcomes of an experiment investigating how footage of police-citizen interactions uploaded on social media platforms, such as YouTube and Facebook, might impact civilian perceptions of procedural justice and legitimacy. By randomly assigning 173 participants pre/post-rest design questionnaires, the researchers compared perceptual impacts of neutral, negative, and positive depictions of police-citizen interactions. The outcomes showed that all media footage significantly impacted legitimacy perceptions; negative content (which was the largest) increased public distrust of the police, while positive content improved legitimacy perceptions. For my research, these findings provide an in-depth understanding of how social media posts (video/audio/images) can improve or erode public perceptions of police legitimacy, creating trust or distrust. Academic Source 4: Textbook Hershkoff, H., & Loffredo, S. (2020). Getting economic rights and legal protections for people with low income. Oxford University Press. This book comprehensively covers multiple federal programs and laws that directly impact the most vulnerable populations in American society – the poor, the underemployed, the unemployed, and the low-wage employed. It offers a resource of groups and people attempting to mobilize for economic justice, secure rights of protection, and access benefits. Access to justice and rights in public places are some of the core topics covered in the book. Recording police interactions in public places is one of the primary issues the book covers (Hershkoff & Loffredo, 2020, pg. 743). The protection of the right of people to record police interactions with the public,

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