ENGL 330 - TEST#2

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CUNY Hunter College *

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Linguistics

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Dec 6, 2023

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QUESTION 1 Which of the following does not describe variationist sociolinguistics ? it is qualitiative in nature there is inherent variability it is quantitative in nature it is correlational in nature: that is, it attempts to show how the variants of a linguistic variable are related to social variation 1 points QUESTION 2 Which of the following socioliguistic interview techniques is used by interviewers to help their participant produce a casual speech style? read aloud a list of minimal pairs The 'danger of death' question - the participant is asked to describe a situation when they were in serious danger read aloud a story passage read aloud a list of words

1 points QUESTION 3 Which of the following is not an example of an independent variable ? social class age ethnic group pronouncation of 'r' in NYC 1 points QUESTION 4 In your own words, first describe the observer's paradox. Then briefly discuss some techniques the sociolinguistic researcher uses during the interview to try to circumvent the observer's paradox. The observer paradox is when the observer or investigador wants to gather information of how their subject talks without them knowing that they are being observed. There is the conversation technique, where the researcher would just have regular conversation with the subject, this will get results on how the subject speaks naturally. Another technique is the ‘danger of death’ where they ask the subject to talk about a story of them in a serious danger, this will get out their casual speech responses.

QUESTION 5 Which letter in the Hymes SPEAKING mneumonic best describes the following scenario: Instead of sending a text , the young lady chose to send an email. (I) Instrumentaliti es (K) Key (A) Act Sequence (G) Genre 1 points QUESTION 6 Which letter in the Hymes SPEAKING mneumonic best describes the following scenario: With each word, the participant's voice became louder. As she relayed the details, she spoke faster and more excitedly. (P) Participants (K) Key (S) Sequence

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(I) Instrumentaliti es 1 points QUESTION 7 Which ethnographic approach best describes being done within educational contexts, for example studying language use and preferences in bilingual education classrooms? Digital ethnographies Linguistic ethnography Critical ethnography Ethnomethodology 1 points QUESTION 8 Classroom language: Based on your own experiences, describe some of the ways in which a teacher/professor and a class cooperate to sustain the 'reality' of the classroom. What participular types of behavior and types of language recur? What does a 'violation' consist of? Be sure to include specific examples. Based on my experience, the ‘reality’ of a classroom; usually in college. Most students would right away assume that the instructor is going to be a professor, so they would address the instructor like that. But then most are not, and are okay lowering down their status to give out a friendlier approach. But the

reality is that most students still hold the instructor in a professor status level, most students would not be using casual talk, and would use Standar English to speak towards the professor, and even in general class discussion. So a violation in this setting would be doing the opposite. Students would curse, use their everyday speech like they are talking to their friends with everyone in class, and including the instructor. QUESTION 9 Which of the following discourse analysis methods relies only on recorded data and written transcripts to draw conclusions about their participants' language use? Interactional socioinguistics Conversation analysis Critical discourse analysis Corpus linguistics 1 points QUESTION 10 What is meant by turn-taking in conversation analysis? Recall some of your recent conversations, then describe two conversations, comparing how turn-taking occurs differently depending on the interlocutor. What speech signals (and perhaps non-speech signals) do you use to indicate your turn to speak? Turn taking in conversation analysis is people’s communicative competence knowing when and how to speak. For example, people would not use their everyday speech if they are speaking to their professors

or someone with a higher status. Another example, people would not be talking loudly, making insensitive jokes during a funeral. Another specific example where knowing when and how to speak would be, when asking for your boss for a day off. People would strategically, find the best moment to talk to the boss, probably when they are in a good mood, ask kindly and nicely for a day off. These are some of the instances where turn taking is in use in a conversation. Turn taking has to do with everything involving the use of language and other communicative dimensions in any particular social setting. QUESTION 11 Analyze the conversation in our textbook, pg. 198, exercise 2. You may use your class notes to help you with this one! Answer 2 of the following questions; be sure to include examples from the text by referring to specific lines using the provided numbering. The following transcript is a conversation between two White, US American, female college students; they have just returned to campus after a break for Thanksgiving, a major US holiday. Hooters, Show Me’s, and Stix are all bar/restaurants that are known for having female servers who wear revealing clothes. What Discourses about gender are evident in this conversation? What stances do these speakers adopt with regard to the gender norms they discuss? What linguistic features are used to do this stancetaking? A: oh. Where’d you stay over Thanksgiving? B: I went to Chicago A: oh, fun B: my aunt lives there, and then I, my friend Chelsea, I went and saw her, and then we came back here early, like Saturday night? A: uh ‐ oh, there’s trouble B: oh, we, it was absolutely out of control A: ah! B: we were cra:zy. We went to Hooters and ate A: mmm. I love their Buffalo wings B: oh my gosh, we got those? And uhm, but there are these sick girls working there, they were so ugly, I’m like, why are you girls working here? They were just ugly. And they weren’t very tan, like they were real pale, and like they were so not cute A: oh B: and we were all like, ew A: pale makes you look bigger, too, if you’re gonna run around in little shirts and shorts like that, you’d better be tanned and toned

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B: what do they have to wear at Show ‐ Me’s? A: I think the same kind of outfits just different colors B: really A: I think their colors are like black and purple or something? B: really A: and they have to wear like little tiny shorts and tight little tops B: I wanna work there {laughs} A: I could see you workin’ there B: cause I need, it’d be good tips, it’d be good money A: would your house be mad, though, if you like left lookin’ like that all the time? B: no, because, there’s this one girl that works at Stix, and she wears like, it’s like a bra and underwear to work, it’s what it looks like A: I hate xxxx B: I hate Stix outfits, I hate ’em, they are so degrading A: they’re so trashy looking, like, you walk in and see girls running around like that? And you think, I don’t want a hair in my drink, I’m not, it just, it looks trashy B: it’s degrading, it’s like, ew. I hate it. I absolutely hate going there ● What discourses about gender are evident in this conversation? ■ There is certain standards on how ● What stances do these speakers adopt with regard to the gender norms they discuss? ● The stance that these speakers adopt with regard to the gender norms they have discussed, is that there is a certain physical standard women should meet if they are working in an establishment like hooters. ● For example from line 10-13, both speakers agreed that only tan and skinny women should work at Hooters. ● However they are also open minded, in the sense that they know these jobs pay well in tips. (Line 22) ● But later they discussed whether people in their house would frown upon speaker B, if she worked in Show-me’s. And she answered that no, since there is worse out there like wearing bra and underwear instead of a very short outfit. This also shows that both of these girls think that the speaker is fit for the job in Show-me’s, so there is not much degrading talk towards the worker in this establishment, compared to Hooters and Stix. Both speakers are just speaking of the outfit, but their comments like “ugly” and “trashy” are towards the women. So regardless, both speakers' stances on gender norms are all based on their standard physique. ● What linguistic features are used to do this stancetaking? ■ I can see hedging from Speaker A and B, both are trying to have the same level of opinion about the “trashy” look of the workers. It seems like they mold their answer and opinion to satisfy the other. When they were talking about the Stix worker outfits. Both of them kept adding on what they don’t like about them. The

reason they didn’t talk about Show me’s outfits as much, is because neither of them didn’t elaborate more about it beside the color. So in this hedging feature, there is also agreement and support for linguistic features from both speakers. ■ Another linguistic feature I see is judging and degrading language use, specially when describing how it makes the speaker feel with certain outfit or when how the workers does not fit their physical standards(tanned skinned) QUESTION 12 Which of the following terms best describes this scenario: The desire of an interlocutor to distance herself from another interlocutor and thus shifts her linguistic behavior. In example of this could be three friends in conversation, and two of them shift briefly to using a code that is not spoken by the 3rd interlocutor. divergence behavior convergence behavior situational codeswitching unmarked choice 1 points QUESTION 13 In your own words, briefly define and compare monoglossic versus pluralist language ideologies. Be sure to include examples.

Monoglossic means that people value monolingualism over multilingualism. Meaning that a language should maintain in its pure form (purism), no mixing, borrowing, and or evolution of the language occurs. Monolinguiliams could also mean that if a country speaks a certain language it should remain like that. In order words, they view multilingualism in a negative light. An example of a country like this, I would say it would be Spain. They have a language academy, where the Spanish language should follow, they tend to translate everything into Spanish, not accepting borrowed words in their official things. Meanwhile, pluralist is the complete opposite. It views multilingualism in a positive light. An example of multilingualism is in an ESL or bilingual class here in NYC. Most educators will acknowledge and validate Spanish, but still make sure to maintain some sort of purity in the English language during discourses in the classroom. QUESTION 14 What is diglossia? What do (H) and (L) stand for in a diglossic situation? Provide 1 example, either one we discussed in class, the text, or from your personal experience, of a diglossic situation. Diglossia is when there are two varieties of the same language that are used in different situations. For example in China, Guangdong. Everyone would use Mandarin for official, written purposes, but in daily speeches like conversation in the supermarket or with family members, they would use Cantonese or any other dialect instead. This is when Mandarin becomes the High variety (H), and Cantonese or dialect are the Low variety (L); in this diglossic situation. QUESTION 15 Which term best describes the following definitions? The development of a language when there is widespread bilingualism, and codeswitching patterns become conventialized. Grammatical aspects of the new code can be traced back to more than one source parent language. creole pidgin

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mixed language multilingual discourse 1 points QUESTION 16 What is the difference between a loanword and a calque. Be sure to include examples. The difference between calque and loanword is that. Calque are words or phrases taken from one language and translated literally, one by word, into the target language. An example of calque is the word ‘skyscraper,’ in Spanish is ‘rascacielo’ which literally means scraping the sky. Meanwhile, loanwords are foreign words or phrases that are maintained in their original language in the targeted language. An example of a loanword is the word ‘spoiler’ in English and Spanish. They use the word with the same similar meaning, because the academy of the Spanish language still does not have an official translation to it. But in everyday speech spanish-speaking people use the word spoiler. QUESTION 17 Briefly describe the 'one nation-one language' ideology. Discuss 2 consequences of this ideology; it may be one we discussed in class, read in the text, or others that you thought of independently. The ‘one nation-one language’ ideology is when people believe that languages have political borders. This ideology is usually from monoglossic ideology, where they only favor monolingualism over multilingualism. For example, in the US the most dominant language is English, despite that it is not the official language, but it is in all official stuff and is used as a common ground language in this country. But there are people that believe that the US is a one nation one language thing, and that language is

English. Creating this idea of a monoglot country. Another example is the creation of hegemony, where identity comes into place. Like in Ukraine they have their language(L) but Russian is used as an official language (H), and that doesn’t make someone less Ukrainian for speaking the (H) or (L). QUESTION 18 This section requires a long response, roughly 10-15 sentences, though this may vary. Choose one prompt from the options below. Chapter 5: Language Variation and Change: Briefly summarize Labov’s findings from his research on Martha’s Vineyard. How can a study conducted at a single point in time show linguistic change over time? Explain how subsequent studies have validated or invalidated Labov’s original findings. Chapter 6: Ethnographic Approaches: Think of a communicative event that you have participated in with another individual and describe it according to the eight factors proposed by Hymes SPEAKING model. Chapter 7: Discourse Analysis: The Black Lives Matter movement sought justice and remedies for the killing of, in particular, unarmed Black men and women in the US, and people of color around the world more generally. There were objections to this focus on Black lives, however, and thus the slogan ‘All Lives Matter’ was used in response. How does the #AllLivesMatter slogan position those who use it with regard to race and racism? What competing discourses about race and racism are reproduced with ‘Black Lives Matter’ and ‘All Lives Matter’? (Exploration 7.4, pg. 194) Those who use the #AllLivesMatter slogan, their position in regard to race and racism, could be that they fail to understand that this slogan is downplaying the racial injustice that people of color have gone through the whole time(and still prevails). It is understandable that people might think that AllLivesMatter is more inclusive, and is acknowledging everyone's injustice, but the way the slogan came from does not actually bring any justice to anyone. Because It is ripping off and downplaying the black people’s injustices. The competing discourses that are reproduced in ‘Black Lives Matter’ are calling authorities and everyone in general accountable, and awareness of racial discrimination, police brutality, and a system that racially judges people of color. The competing discourses that are reproduced in ‘All Lives Matter’ are the objective of being inclusive and universal, trying to call out that everyone also suffers of injustices. It could be a way to lessen the importance of ‘Black Lives Matter.’

QUESTION 19 This section requires a long response, roughly 10-15 sentences, though this may vary. Choose one prompt from the options below. Chapter 8: Diglossia: In your own words, briefly define diglossia, including high and low diglossic varieties. Next, briefly summarize a diglossic situation discussed in class or in our textbook. Finally, describe the diglossic phenonema present in your own linguistic repertoire - are there certain ways of speaking that you use only in certain circumstances? This does not have to refer to distinct languages and dialects, but also formal versus colloquial ways of speaking depending on your environment or audience. Chapter 9: Multilingualism and Creoles: Based on descriptions in chapters 8 snd 9, how is multilingual discourse, i.e., codeswitching, different from creole languages? When describing these differences, address the social situations which give rise to these different language contact phenomena; you may also describe differences in structural features. Chapter 10: Language and the Digital World: Reflect on the various digital media platforms that you participate in. Describe what they are, then explain the rules for communicating that you use. For example, appropriate times to send messages; abbreviations, emoticons, memes, etc., and whether they are used similarly across the platforms. Are there conseque in nces for deviating from these acceptable norms of communication? The media platforms that I use are Instagram and Twitter (X). Instagram is mostly a visual platform. People mostly communicate in their posts (and reels/videos) with some short form of text (there is also space for more text, captions, but nobody really reads it). People would share their opinion in the comments but most of the time the smaller texts get more attention than the bigger text. There is also the feature of direct messages, where people would use it to either send each other posts they want to share, or use it as a messaging platform. Compared to Twitter, there are less visuals but more texts. But since Twitter has limits, the post tends to continue on under the original post, and this would be called a ‘thread.’ People would mostly use it to discuss or just see people's opinion on the topic they are interested in. So, I would say Instagram is an entertainment platform, while Twitter is a discussion platform.

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The way I use Instagram is through very careless speech. Meaning that I don’t care about correcting my grammar and spelling, because the people I interact with know that it is not a serious message. Because both sides know this, we just send messages (send/share memes,videos, posts) to each other any time of the day and night, and reply whenever we have time to check on it. However I’m aware that there are people that use instagram as a messaging platform, so I tell them right away that I don’t use it that way, to clear out future misunderstandings. Compared to Twitter, I don’t interact at all, I’m a 100% watcher/reader. So I don’t pay as close attention or give much meaning to it because it is all about opinions, and I don’t get personal with it. But I have seen that not everyone has this view when using Twitter. So those who are active on the platform tend to be specific whether they are joking or sharing a serious opinion. There are actual abbreviations used but since I don’t pay much attention to it, I’m not sure exactly how it is done. I would say that both platforms are similar in the senses that they are about sharing, just in different formats. I would not say that there are any serious consequences from doing things out of the norm on these platforms. Because algorithms play a big part on these platforms. This variable makes sures that every single user sees what they like, so they can use the app to their liking, and keep on using it.

ENGL 330 - TEST#2

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