MGT 227 Ch09 Student Notes

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Apr 3, 2024

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Quality Tools (Ch09) Student Notes Control Charts Process Not Centered ( Why? ) Too Much Process Variability ( Why? ) 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 1 Defective parts above this specification line Defective parts below this line Defective parts in the tails above UTL and below LTL Can’t make parts exactly the same so variability exists

Process Not Centered and Too Much Variability In the following illustration, ignore all distributions but the one in question. Example: a) process is centered, has acceptable variability, and is not making defective product. Describe if centered, too variable, and if making defective product? More Illustrations ( Interpret variability & pattern for each 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 2

Control (SPC) Charts & Process Change 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 3

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Specification Limits vs . Control Limits  In simple terms, what is the difference between a control limit and a specification limit?  In nearly all cases, the specification limit should not be on a control chart.  The UTL and LTL are displayed here for illustrative purposes only. 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 4

X-bar & R Control Limit Formulas Control Chart Coefficients In your own words, what does “n” mean? When do I use D 3 and when do I use D 4 ? 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 5

Sample Calculations – Control Limits Why is Xbar for 8 am 0.998 with measurements such as 995 and 997? 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 6

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Resultant Control Chart Limits What does the Xbar chart (top control chart) track? What does the R chart (bottom control chart) track? Why are there no specification limits (i.e., LTL or UTL) on these charts? 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 7 Connect the dots like the Xbar chart and NOT this way.

Control Chart Analyses 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 8 Possible Causes Possible Causes

0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 9 Possible Causes Possible Causes

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0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 10 Possible Causes Possible Causes

Percent Nonconformance (p) Charts  p-charts operate in a similar fashion to X-bar & R charts except operators are only plotting the percent nonconforming rather than actual product dimensions (or characteristics).  Because a p-chart records the percent nonconforming (i.e., defective), they are less sensitive to changes in the process (i.e., measures “good” and “bad” but not how “good” or how “bad”)  It is like getting pulled over for speeding. If you are told that you were speeding but not how fast, you know there will be a fine but not how severe.  For p-charts to work, you have to detect “bad” products. There is a philosophical dilemma in using a chart that is based on knowingly producing “bad” products.  For p-charts to work, you also have to have a large enough sample to contain some defective products. Unfortunately, the larger the sample, the more time it takes to inspect.  p-charts are useful for mandatory 100% inspection (especially for cosmetic defects such as visual imperfections in a product). p-chart Formulas p-chart Example Process Capability 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 11

 Process capability refers to the ability to consistently produce parts that meet specification requirements (even though variability exists between parts).  Being “in control” simply means that you are making parts in a consistent manner.  How can a process be “in control” but making defective products?  How can a process be considered “out of control” but making 100% acceptable products? 0d7c3ee10532f878514e51796dc1c0a8dc066005.docx Page 12

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