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University of Louisville *

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387

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Mechanical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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HSS 387 Basic Biomechanical Factors & Concepts: Self Study Worksheet Chapter 3 1 Important Terms and Concepts : Write the term or concept that best matches the definition. 1. A description of motion; includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors. 2. A force that is applied off center or in a direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object without a fixed axis; an applied force that is not in line with the object’s center of gravity. 3. The perpendicular distance between the location of force application and the axis 4. The study of mechanics as it relates to functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems 5. The study of systems that are in a constant state of motion or moving at a constant velocity without acceleration 6. The study of physical actions of forces; divided into statics and dynamics 7. The study of systems in motion with acceleration 8. The moment of force; turning effect of an eccentric force 9. The distance between the axis and the point of resistance application 10. The study of forces associated with the motion of a body Machines in the Body 1. List 3 reasons we utilize anatomical machines in the body a. ___________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________ 2. List the 4 functions of machines a. ___________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________

HSS 387 Basic Biomechanical Factors & Concepts: Self Study Worksheet Chapter 3 2 Lever Systems Fill in the blanks: In the human body, an anatomical lever is a machine used to increase or multiply the applied force, thus providing a _______________ when performing a task. The lever or rigid bar is represented anatomically by the _______________. The point of rotation about which the lever moves is represented by the _______________. When a muscle contracts, thus providing some _______________, the lever moves about its axis against some _______________. The arrangement and location of the _______________, _______________, and _______________ in relation to one another determine the type of lever and the application for which it is best suited. Complete the following : For each lever arrangement, list the order of the three points (axis, resistance application, and force application) and provide the lever’s function(s). Provide at least 2 examples for each lever class. Lever Class Lever Arrangement Functions Examples First Second Third Note : For 1 st Class levers, you should know when each function is applicable (i.e. with regards to the location of each component) Answer the following questions: 1. Anatomically, where is the point of force application? 2. If the resistance and resistance arm remain constant, and the force arm is made longer, what happens to the amount of force needed to move the resistance? 3. If the resistance arm is made longer, what happens to the amount of resistance that can be moved if the force and force arm are kept constant? 4. According to the Lever Equation, what happens to the force and/or force arm if either of the resistance components decreases?

HSS 387 Basic Biomechanical Factors & Concepts: Self Study Worksheet Chapter 3 3 5. For 1 st Class levers in which the goal is to balance the lever system, what happens if you decrease the length of the force arm? 6. For 2 nd Class levers, which is ALWAYS longer: the resistance arm or the force arm? What happens if you move the point of resistance farther away from the axis of rotation? 7. For 3 rd Class levers, which is ALWAYS longer: the resistance arm or the force arm? What happens if you move the point of force application closer to the axis? 8. What class of lever is the most common in the body? Complete the following table using the Lever and Mechanical Advantage Equations : Lever Components Variables Force Applied at Axis Placed at 25 Newtons of Resistance Placed at Lever Class FA RA Force MA A 0 8 16 B 13 0 18 C 19 9 6 D 15 2 7 Note : the resistance is 25 Newton Wheels & Axles : Fill in the blanks The function of wheels and axles is to enhance _______________ and _______________ in the musculoskeletal system. As such, they essentially function as a lever. The center of the wheel and axle serves as the _______________, whereas the radius of the wheel and axle serve as _______________. Force application to either the wheel or the axle will determine mechanical advantage. When force is applied to the wheel, and the radius of the wheel is greater than that of the axle, the _______________ has a mechanical advantage over the _______________. This allows a _______________ force to move a greater resistance applied to the axle. When the force is applied to the axle, the mechanical advantage results from the wheel turning a greater distance and speed, essentially functioning as a _______________ class lever.

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