bio265l_document_W06_Worksheet_Respiratory System & Lung Volumes

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Brigham Young University, Idaho *

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Mechanical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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W06 Worksheet: Respiratory System & Lung Volumes Follow the instructions below very carefully. Many of the items in this assignment require reading, or videos, or something else to do. Each question has either a text box that can be filled out or a box that can be checked to show completion. Be sure to type out your answers completely and expand the text boxes if you need the additional space. Question 1 --- 2 points Lung Volumes The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called ventilation. Air movement is driven by changes in pressure between the lungs and the atmosphere. The ideal gas law describes the relationship between volume and pressure: P = nRT/V (P= pressure; T= absolute temperature; V= volume; n= number of moles of the gas, and R= the universal gas constant). This law demonstrates that the pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume. That is, in a closed container, if you increase volume, pressure decreases, and if you decrease volume, pressure increases. Think of what happens to the pressure in a syringe if you put your finger over the opening, and then move the plunger back to increase volume or push it forward to decrease volume. In the respiratory system, movements of the respiratory muscles change the volume of the thoracic cavity thus decreasing and increasing pressure and causing air to move between the atmosphere and the lungs. Measurement of the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs under various conditions can provide information about the functioning and the health of the respiratory system. Spirometry is a technique used to measure various lung volumes and capacities and can also measure ventilation as a function of time. The following definitions should help you through this lab:  Tidal volume (TV): Volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during breathing.  Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Maximal volume that can be inspired from end-inspiratory level.  Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Maximal volume that can be exhaled from end-expiratory position.  Vital capacity (VC): Maximal volume expired after maximal inspiration (IRV + TV + ERV).  Residual volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.  Total lung capacity (TLC): Volume in the lungs at maximal inflation (IRV + TV + ERV + RV).  Forced expiratory volume (1 second) (FEV 1 ): The volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first second.

Watch Lung Volumes Explained ( 3:15 mins; Lung Volumes Explained ; links to an external site) that explains the volumes above. Read the article, ” Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease ,” (links to an external site) then answer the following questions. In your own words, explain the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease. Your answer: Obstructive lung disease his when a person has difficulty exhaling due to a block or something. Restrictive lung disease is when a person has difficulty expanding their lungs when inhaling. Question 2 --- 1 point How would you expect residual volume to change with obstructive lung disease? Choose one: ☒ Increase ☐ Decrease ☐ Stay pretty much the same Question 3 --- 1 point Your favorite uncle gives you a huge bear hug. He squeezes you hard, and you can hardly breathe. While your uncle is hugging you like this, what type of lung condition is being most closely imitated? ☐ Obstructive ☒ Restrictive Question 4 --- 1 point You would expect a restrictive lung disease to have the greatest effect on which of the following lung volumes?

Choose one: ☐ Tidal volume ☒ Inspiratory reserve volume ☐ Expiratory reserve volume ☐ Residual volume Question 5 --- 1 point Measuring Lung Volumes On-Campus Lab Students Online Students If you are taking the lab on campus, then your teacher will provide you with instructions on how to measure your own lung volumes. If you are taking the lab strictly online, then follow these steps. Watch Calculate Lung Volumes ( 13:13 mins; Transcript ; links to an external site) that goes through the steps of measuring lung volumes on a “Harvard Spirometer.” Download the Lung Volume Assignment (links to an external site) that will allow you to calculate lung volumes from obtained data. What is your tidal volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 20 mm x 30 ml = 600 ml Question 6 --- 1 point What is your inspiratory reserve volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 90 mm x 30 ml = 2,700 ml

Question 7 --- 1 point What is your expiratory reserve volume measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 35 mm x 30 ml = 1,050 ml Question 8 --- 1 point What is your vital capacity measurement? (Online students should enter their calculations from the downloaded assignment.) Your answer: 600 ml + 2,700 ml + 1,050 ml = 4,350 ml Question 9 --- 1 point Among adults, the average pulmonary vital capacity decreases with age. Women tend to have smaller volumes than men of the same age and height. As height increases, vital capacity tends to increase. We can take these size and age-related variables into account and use a formula to estimate predicted vital capacity: Male: VC = 0.052H - 0.022A - 3.60 Female: VC = 0.041H - 0.018A - 2.69 VC = vital capacity in liters H = height in centimeters A = age in years

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