Commercial Aviation Safety_ 7th Edition Chapter 5 Questions (Answered)

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Commercial Aviation Safety: 7th Edition Chapter 5 Questions (Answered) 1. What produces lift in an airfoil, airspeed, or groundspeed? Lift is produced by the airspeed of the aircraft as the difference in pressure causes the air above the wing to move faster than the air below the wing, producing lift and is not related to ground speed. Ground speed is just the aircraft’s movement relative to the surface of the earth. 2. List the key components of a turbofan engine - A powerful fan - A compressor - A combustor - Turbines - Exhaust ports 3. What was the technical cause of the Comet Airplane Crashes The main technical cause of these crashes were metal fatigue, primarily because of the design of the aircraft’s distinct square shaped windows. The metal parts of the comet experienced a lot of repeated cycles of stress and strain around the sharp corners of the square shaped windows, and as they went through more pressurization and depressurization cycles, the metal developed microscopic cracks. The cracks grew overtime with the aircraft’s repeated use, and this ultimately led to catastrophic failure of the fuselage or an explosive decompression. After the several crashes, the problem was identified and fixed to address these issues. 4. Describe hindsight bias. How does it affect aviation safety Hindsight bias is when people who were not involved in an incident think that they knew something was going to happen despite there not being a way of knowing it in advance. In Aviation this can tend to lead to a variety of problems. These problems include needless blaming after accidents, thinking that whoever was involved should have seen it coming, learning less from accidents because the person believes they are easy to predict, overconfidence, and near misses may not get the attention they need because people may think that they are easy to avoid. Hindsight bias should be limited as much as possible for continuously improving safety. 5. List 3 changes that resulted from the Manchester Fire accident The Manchester Fire in 1985 lead to multiple safety related changes, some of which included: - Improved fire safety at airports worldwide and the increased focus of fire prevention and safety measures, which include better detection and response systems

- Enhanced Aircraft design, which included the use of more fire resistant materials in cabin interiors to make them less prone to catching fire - Cabin crew training was also enhanced to better handle most emergency situations, which including dealing with fires on board mid flight 6. What caused the two engines to run down in the incident to A340 G-VATL The flight crew experienced fuel transfer problems due to a faulty fuel pump, which caused the aircraft to become unstable with an excessive amount of fuel in the left wing tanks, which eventually caused a loss of power on the right side engines as the left wing engines continued to receive fuel while the right ones did not. The flight crew then performed the flameout restart procedures to reignite the right wing engines, which they successfully did. 7. What was the initiating event in the accident to the A380 operating flight QF32 and what was the result? The initiating event was a sudden, uncontained engine failure in the number 2 left engine. Which disintegrated part of the engine and caused extensive damage. Fragments from the engine hit various parts of the aircraft, which included the wing, fuel systems, and landing gear. The crew declared an emergency, remained calm, planned their next moves carefully, and made a successful return to Singapore. There were no fatalities. 8. Describe 3 future technical challenges for the aviation industry. Green Aviation: developing more sustainable and environmentally friendly technology to reduce the impact of aviation on the atmosphere and the environment Better autonomy: developing better systems to make piloting easier and safer and putting less responsibility on humans where error can be more prone and slowly putting more responsibility on systems and computers. Better air traffic management: Finding ways to improve the air traffic system to minimize near misses and incursions, while also boosting its efficiency

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