Project 2

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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IHP-610

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Medicine

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 9-1 Project Two Kailynd A. Biggar Graduate Nursing, Southern New Hampshire University IHP-610: Health Policy and Law Dr. Tim Reardon February 11, 2024

2 Introduction Health Policy Issue According to Larson et al. (2022) a feeling of uncertainty and reluctance over vaccination prior to a determination to act (or not act) is known as vaccine hesitancy. It signifies a period of both potential and vulnerability (Larson et al., 2022). New degrees of unpredictability surrounding vaccine hesitation have been shown by multiple polls that were performed to assess opinions toward vaccination against the COVID-19 virus (Larson et al., 2022). Larson et al. (2022) states that this unpredictability is especially evident when the hesitancy is driven by social media platforms. Key Stakeholders and Interest Groups Larson et al. (2022) states that the stakeholders who will be most impacted by this health policy concern include state employees, unvaccinated adults, and public health professionals/agencies. Increases in vaccination reluctance frequently follow the release of new data, updated regulations, or updated reports of vaccine hazards (Larson et al., 2022). A portion of the diversity can be attributed to elements like a waning public confidence in specialists, inclinations toward complementary and alternative medicine, political division, and radicalism based on beliefs (Larson et al., 2022). This issue affects those who are most vulnerable due to factors like cost and mobility constraints, lack of insurance and ability to afford insurance, religious beliefs, inadequate education and guidance from medical professionals, and a lack of knowledge regarding immunizations. Influence on Decision Making Stakeholder Needs

3 APIC (2021) states that according to public health experts and institutions as many people as possible should receive vaccinations. When a large percentage of the population is immune, a phenomenon known as herd immunity arises, which hinders the disease's ability to spread to new victims (APIC, 2021). Since germs transmit swiftly from person to person, an outbreak occurs when a sufficient number of people in a community contract the disease (APIC, 2021). It will be difficult for the disease to spread if enough people receive vaccinations (APIC, 2021). The National Adult Immunization Plan (NAIP) is a summary of the steps that federal and nonfederal partners must do to safeguard the public's health and attain the best possible mitigation of infectious illnesses and their aftereffects through adult vaccination (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). Four main objectives are outlined in the plan, and each is backed up by strategies and targets to help with implementation (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). The objectives are to fortify the infrastructure for adult vaccinations, enhance community demand for adult vaccinations, boost access to adult vaccines, and promote technological and developmental innovation in adult vaccines (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). The NAIP acknowledges that in order for the initiative to be successful, state, local, territorial, and tribal governments, healthcare providers, advocacy organizations, vaccine manufacturers, academic institutions and research, payers, health plans, employers, and members of the public must come together to remove obstacles and improve adult vaccination access (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). Health Policy Influence Politicians, public health experts, and government agencies such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can all have a substantial nonfinancial impact on this health policy concern (Larson et al., 2022). However, the government, legislators, and pharmaceutical

4 businesses all have a subtle or covert nonfinancial impact over this as well. Healthcare professionals have a financial impact. For instance, if a vaccination is provided, the patient's insurance will pay for it; if the patient doesn't have insurance, the vaccination will be at the patient's expense (Larson et al., 2022). The financial component for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention comes from the contracts with private medical professionals and the vaccine purchasers when it comes to the practicalities of who will produce and deliver the vaccine to healthcare providers (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). Benefits and Disadvantages Public health experts and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) may gain from this issue since more people will be motivated to remain immune as a result of knowing how important vaccinations are to the community. Profit will rise as vaccination rates rise because vaccine reluctance will decline (APIC, 2021). When one considers vaccine reluctance in practice, everyone involved will suffer financially from the drop-in vaccination rates. One downside for healthcare practitioners, as previously indicated, is that they might not receive payment if a patient does not have insurance. If the CDC has no contracts with healthcare professionals to distribute the vaccine to, their profit decreases financial and nonfinancial. Adults who are not vaccinated and state workers are particularly vulnerable to this problem since they risk losing their jobs, getting the illness, and suffering with it. Since immunizations stop diseases from infecting new persons (Larson et al., 2022). Immunizations can help underprivileged groups financially by reducing long-term hospital expenses (Larson et al., 2022). The vaccine will lower the cost of medical care and illness treatments while also helping individuals avoid getting sick (Larson et al., 2022). If immunizations can stop a virus from

5 spreading further, then generations to come won't be able to contract the illness as history has shown (APIC, 2021). Value Conflict Analysis The rationale behind the implementation of certain vaccination policy is the potential for value conflict among stakeholders (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). The general population may believe that these regulations are not being put into place for public safety but rather purely for commercial benefit. Many stakeholders may be influenced by commercial margins to make irrational choices about vaccination programs (Larson et al., 2022). State and government officials along with health care professionals may also experience value conflict. Many stakeholders may be influenced by commercial margins to make irrational choices about vaccination programs (Larson et al., 2022). Jamison et al. (2019) state that some refuse vaccinations because they think the government is only in it for the money. In 2018, a survey found that most participants mistrusted pharmaceutical corporations, believing them to be driven solely by profit (Jamison et al., 2019). Jamison et al. (2019) states that a global problem is the public's declining trust in vaccinations. Vaccine safety fears, the emergence of anti-vaccine organizations, the use of social media, the notion that vaccinations have been "victims of their own success," and an overall decrease in the trust of "expert" society are just a few of the many theories put up to explain this decline (Jamison et al., 2019). General Decision Making According to Lemke and Harris-Wai (2015) policymakers can be influenced by stakeholders. Public health experts, for instance, can conduct studies on the effectiveness of the vaccine as well as security and present their findings to legislators (Lemke and Harris-Wai, 2015). They can also offer information on the prevalence of morbidity and mortality in addition

6 to the present-day burden of diseases that compromise people's immunity (Lemke and Harris- Wai, 2015). Nonfinancial stakeholder consequences must be considered since vaccination refusal puts others at danger (Lemke and Harris-Wai, 2015). Lemke and Harris-Wai (2015) state that even those who have been immunized are susceptible to contracting infections from unvaccinated people. Even if certain vaccines include personal dangers, it is desirable for the public to receive vaccinations. Influence on Financial Practices Stakeholder Needs Medical professionals are particularly vulnerable as they must interact with people who aren't immunized (Maneze et al., 2023). Infectious illness exposure is a concern for public health experts, staff members, and their families as well (Burki, 2021). It is necessary to meet these doctors' financial demands so that, in the event of a more dire circumstance such as the hospital closing or a doctor contracting an infection they can continue to care for their family (Burki, 2021). The financial benefits that could make vaccinations possible for the vulnerable population and residents of underserved areas are crucial since the money will allow them to remove obstacles that prevent them from becoming immunized (Burki, 2021). It will assist lower the death rate and give individuals the ability to remain healthy even in the future by providing financial support and setting up vaccination locations close to underprivileged regions (Burki, 2021). Due to their safety and lack of financial constraints, physicians practicing in underprivileged communities would also be able to handle other concerns that may come into play in their patients' lives (Burki, 2021). Immunization programs will aid in the containment of diseases that could spread throughout the population (Burki, 2021). Future financial crises can be avoided by making immunization investments in the stakeholders that have been identified

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