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treatments directed at rehabilitation. Physiatrists complete a 4-year residency. Their practice is commonly known as physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R). The physical medicine portion can be thought of as nonoperative orthopedics addressing pain and problems related to the musculoskeletal system. The rehabilitation aspect focuses on directing a team of therapists working to help a patient recover from a disorder that causes a significant change in function. Stroke, spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injuries, and amputations are examples of such disorders. Additionally, physiatrists also perform electrodiagnostic studies or may perform spinal injections. Injections may address pain and decreased function secondary to disc herniations and spinal arthritis. Radiologists Radiologists are specialists who interpret diagnostic imaging studies. They complete a 4-year residency. Radiologists specialize in reading imaging studies. They are experts at reading CT scans, MRIs, radiographs (X-rays), and ultrasound studies. They may choose to do an interventional fellowship of 1 to 2 years to gain the additional skills necessary to use CT or X-rays to place catheters or to perform interventions to treat problems. Figure Credits Fig. 6.1: Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bronchoscopy_nci-vol-1950-300.jpg. Fig. 6.2: Copyright © Patrick Glanz (CC BY-SA 3.0) at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hemodialysisma- chine.jpg.