Cheema_SReflectionpaper2TheGhostMap

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Simranpreet Cheema December 12, 2022 Reflection Paper #2- The Ghost Map The author’s main objective for writing the book, The Ghost Map , was to describe the living conditions in London during the time of the cholera outbreak, the events that unfolded, and how different both medical and public health were back then. One of London’s largest problems at the time was having no proper sanitation system. Being one of the most populous cities at the time, with 2.4 million people, London had no proper infrastructure and was extremely crowded which was the perfect breeding ground for a disease like Cholera to spread (Johnson, 2006). Although this disease was devastating, it led to many advancements in public health due to the work of John Snow as well as lesser-known individuals that aided him in his discoveries. One of the main focuses of the book was describing how different life was like back then. From waste removal systems to leading theories of the ways disease was spread, it was an entirely different world back then. The living conditions and the way waste was removed in London back then was described in great detail from the start of the book. At the time, there was no proper waste removal system, so human excrement would be everywhere from the streets to piled up in cellars. Not only that, but the city was also extremely overcrowded. It was also surprising to learn about how low the average life expectancy was. A study from 1842 found that the average man died at age 45 and this number was even lower for the laboring class and tradesmen (Johnson, 2006). Besides learning of the living conditions, it was also interesting learning about how different medicine was back then. An example of this was learning about all the treatments for cholera. Some physicians recommended treatments such as brandy and castor oil which have dehydrating effects. Cholera already causes extreme dehydration in patients, yet the real treatment that patients needed, which was rehydration, was almost never mentioned
Simranpreet Cheema December 12, 2022 Reflection Paper #2- The Ghost Map (Johnson, 2006). These false and often more damaging treatments were a result of the lack of knowledge, especially in medicine. As described by the author, the idea of microscopic organisms that cause disease was equivalent to the existence of fairies to doctors at the time (Johnson, 2006). The most impressive part is that John Snow was able to determine the cause of cholera without any knowledge of the microorganism causing it. The leading and false theory that was believed to be the cause of cholera was the miasma theory. Along with the miasma theory, there was the contagion theory that held that cholera was a type of agent being spread between people, but it was far less believed. The miasma theory had more followers than any other explanatory models and public health officials such as Edwin Chadwick and William Farr were among the more prestigious followers (Johnson, 2006). John Snow was able to find discrepancies in the miasma theory and eventually discovered cholera wasn’t something that could be inhaled, instead it was swallowed (Johnson, 2006). Even Henry Whitehead, who later helped and supported John Snow and his theory, supported the miasma theory first. Whitehead believed that the outbreak in Golden Square was in part God’s will and to support this theological explanation he used the miasma theory (Johnson, 2006). After learning the history of miasma theory, it wasn’t surprising that so many people blindly followed it. The idea of disease being spread through bad air dates back to Greek medicine during the third century B.C (Johnson, 2006). Although there was no proof that supported this theory, there was also a major lack of knowledge that supported other theories.
Simranpreet Cheema December 12, 2022 Reflection Paper #2- The Ghost Map References Johnson, S. (2006). The Ghost Map . Riverhead Books.
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