Chapter 8 Joints Study Guide -

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Texas A&M University *

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Medicine

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Dec 6, 2023

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Chapter 8 Joints: Study Guide * This is only a guide to help you study and get you started! You are responsible for all material covered in class and in the assigned textbook chapters! I suggest you print out this guide and write the definitions and answers to the review questions on it. I would recommend using a three- hole punch and inserting it into the binder you are keeping your notes in. This will help you to organize your study tools and prepare for the final exam. Vocabulary: Vocabulary words should be defined/described using your notes AND book rather than a dictionary. Definition’s for general use of words is often very different than scientific use. You may also want to use the flash card link. articulation, joint, synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses, suture, syndesmoses, gomphoses, cartilaginous joint, synchondroses, symphyses, synovial joint, bursae, tendon sheath, origin, insertion, sprain, arthroscopic surgery, dislocation, bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatios arthritis, gouty arthritis Review Questions: The answers to the review questions are in your notes. These questions are in general in the order you will find them in your note set. 1. How are joints classified? 2. List and describe the three classes of fibrous joints, include an example of where each type is found. 3. Name and describe the two types of cartilaginous joints. Give an example of where each type is found. 4. Which joint type is the most common in the body? 5. List and explain the characteristics of synovial joints. 6. Describe the structure of synovial joints. 7. How is friction reduced in synovial joints? 8. What factors influence the stability of synovial joints? How? 9. List the four types of movement based on planes. 10. List and describe the synovial joint movements discussed in class. 11. List and describe the types of synovial joints. Answers: 1. Joints are classified based on the type of connective tissue between the articulating bones and the degree of movement they allow. The three main classifications of joints are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. 2. The three classes of fibrous joints are: a. Sutures: Sutures are immovable joints found in the skull where adjacent bones are tightly joined by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. They provide a secure and rigid connection, such as the sutures in the skull.
b. Syndesmoses: Syndesmoses are joints where bones are connected by longer collagenous fibers, allowing for some limited movement. An example is the distal tibiofibular joint, which connects the tibia and fibula in the lower leg. c. Gomphoses: Gomphoses are peg-and-socket joints that hold a tooth in its socket within the maxilla or mandible. They are also immovable. 3. The two types of cartilaginous joints are: a. Synchondroses: Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints in which bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, and they allow very limited to no movement. An example is the epiphyseal plates in long bones. b. Symphyses: Symphyses are joints where the ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and separated by a pad of fibrocartilage, allowing for limited movement. An example is the pubic symphysis in the pelvis. 4. Synovial joints are the most common joint type in the body. They are characterized by their high degree of mobility and are found in various locations, such as the knee, elbow, hip, and shoulder. 5. Characteristics of synovial joints include: a. Articular cartilage: Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the bone ends. b. Joint cavity: Space filled with synovial fluid. c. Synovial membrane: Inner lining of the joint capsule that produces synovial fluid. d. Articular capsule: Encases the joint and forms a sealed cavity. e. Ligaments: Connective tissue that reinforces the joint and stabilizes it. 6. Synovial joints are composed of two bones with articular surfaces, surrounded by an articular capsule. The joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes the joint surfaces. 7. Friction is reduced in synovial joints by the presence of synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant. The articular cartilage covering the bone ends provides a smooth surface for movement. 8. The stability of synovial joints is influenced by several factors, including ligaments, muscle tone, the shape of the articulating bones, and the presence of other supporting structures like tendons and bursae. Ligaments are particularly important for stabilizing joints by preventing excessive movement. 9. The four types of movement based on planes are: a. Flexion and extension (in the sagittal plane). b. Abduction and adduction (in the frontal or coronal plane).
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