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Liberty University *

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502

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Medicine

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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3

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There are two types of developmental theories that have application today in psychology, medicine, and academia. Biopsychosocial Theory and Cognitive Theory (also referred to as Cognitivism). Biopsychosocial Theory asserts that there is a reciprocal relationship between biological, psychological, and social factors in a person's life, development, and learning processes (Wong, Hall, & Hernandez, 2021). This theory maintains that both the “nature” of a person (their genetic makeup) and the “nurture” (the environmental components surrounding an individual) are both involved in the growth and maturity of a person. A person’s biological state, the social and cultural interactions happening around them, and their emotions and thoughts on the matter all contribute to the development of a person at all stages of life (Wong et al, 2021). There are studies that show an individual’s mental or physical health are greatly impacted by their mental, physical, or social status (Gilbert, 2019). Cognitive Theory states that learning and development is a process that relies on memory recall, reflection, and motivation (Brieger, Arghode & McLean, 2019). Piaget, one of Cognitive Theory’s leading researchers believed that children have a basic mental structure, and all further learning was added to, and organized within, that structure (Wong, 2021). Piaget defined the concepts of schemas, assimilation of new thought into existing ideas, accommodation for new or conflicting information, and living in these processes all throughout life’s stages of growth (Wong, 2021). Vygotsky, another founder in this theory, put a heavier emphasis on culture to encourage growth in thought assimilation and development (Wong, 2021). One study summarized both concepts by noting that development is making knowledge meaningful to assist people organize assimilate new information to prior understanding (Brieger, 2019). This same study asserted that there are 3 mental loads associated with learning. These are intrinsic, the amount of function in the working memory at any given time. Extraneous load in mental
resources needed to process new information. Also, germane load in the working memory in creating new schemas or activating existing schemas to grow (Brieger, 2019). Both of these developmental theories assert that human growth and learning are heavily influenced by mental state, and social interactions. They both acknowledge culture’s importance in fostering curiosity, and exposure to new thoughts, behavior, emotion, and thought integration. However, Cognitive Theory does not account for, or make observations of an individual’s physical state. While Biopsychosocial theory researchers believe that a person’s physical state heavily impacts mental and social growth, and vice versa. Once area of development and growth not addressed in either theory is spiritual development. Spirituality is innate to all humans, and an area that can be misled if under addressed (Love & Talbbot, 2009). There are some developmental theories that do address spirituality. For example Freud believed in psychoanalysis that spiritual faith was a form of psychosis (Shuttack & Muehlenbein, 2019). Maslow’s placed self-actualization at the top of the hierarchy of needs in published works (Love, 2009). Spirituality is something that requires community and curiosity to have the most impact on a person’s development and health. One study of overall mental and physical health in relation to spirituality showed levels of anxiety, stress, addition, cardiovascular illness, and suicide were significantly lower in people who reported an active spiritual or religious belief system (Shuttack, 2019). This same study showed an increase in healthier coping skills, optimistic outlook, and social skills in spiritual individuals. God even put emphasis on the importance of community to foster spiritual development in Genesis 2, stating it is not good for man to be alone so he created eve for companionship and support. This pattern was repeated in the New Testament when Jesus sent the disciples out in pairs (Luke 9), or when God sent Barnabas with Paul (Acts 13).
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