Midterm- Mikaella Cayanan

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California State University, Chico *

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HCSV 435

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Medicine

Date

Jan 9, 2024

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pdf

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Uploaded by DoctorRose24659

1. What are 6 basic characteristics that differentiate the U.S. health care delivery system from that of other countries? There is no central governing agency because healthcare is funded publicly and privately by organizations, which leads to little integration and coordination. The U.S. focuses on acute care and relies heavily on technology because it is the center of medical technology innovation and much money is spent on research and development. Health care delivery is largely in private hands, but it is only partially governed by free market forces, which is why it is under imperfect market conditions. The American tradition of individual responsibility and a commitment to minimizing government power has resulted in the private sector playing a prominent role instead of the government in the country. The presence of multiple players makes the system ineffective and disrupts the balance of power, and that balance of power among the players prevents any single entity from controlling the system. Access to health care services is selectively based on insurance coverage; it is exclusive to individuals who have health insurance, are covered under a government program, or can afford to pay for treatments privately. 2. Most Western European countries have national health care programs that provide universal access. How does the National Health Insurance system, such as the one adopted by the country of Canada differ from the National Health system, such as the one structured in Great Britain? The majority of healthcare in Canada is provided by the private sector, with government funding for health insurance. The provinces handle insurance. The employers of many Canadians provide them with extra private insurance. The National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom is a fully socialized health care system where the government not only finances but also provides care. Although there is a private system that works alongside the public one, most services are provided free of charge to individuals, and the system is supported by taxes. 3. List the 4 health determinant categories and provide an example of how the government is improving help in each determinant. Environment : The EPA is a federal agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment. It sets and enforces regulations to reduce pollution, promote sustainable practices, and ensure the safety of air, water, and land. Behavior and Lifestyle : Launches public health campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of healthy behaviors such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and tobacco cessation. These campaigns provide information, resources, and support to encourage individuals to adopt healthier lifestyles.

Heredity : Supports programs that offer genetic testing and counseling services. These services help individuals understand their genetic risks, identify potential hereditary conditions, and make informed decisions about their health and family planning. Medical Care : Provides healthcare financing through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. These programs help ensure that individuals who qualify, such as the elderly, low-income individuals, and people with disabilities, have access to necessary medical care. 4. Explain how the U.S. has both market & social justice aspects of healthcare. While individuals in the U.S. have the freedom to choose their private health insurance and pay out-of-pocket for services under market justice, there is also a social justice component in which government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid ensure that certain essential services are covered for those who cannot afford private insurance or meet specific eligibility requirements. 5. Describe what healthcare providers and institutions were like before the Industrial Revolution. Before the Industrial Revolution, hospitals were low in number and located only in big cities. Few people were able to practice or pursue studies to become healthcare practitioners due to the scarcity of medical schools. Many of the institutions were of poor quality and were not properly sterilized. Anyone was allowed to practice medicine due to the outdated processes, resulting in unprofessional practices. There was no systematic or scientific medical education. Many asylums operated for patients who had untreatable, chronic mental illnesses. Pesthouses also operated to isolate people with contagious diseases. 6. Discuss some of the advancements that changed healthcare and the switch from a “traditions” approach to a scientific approach because of these groundbreaking medical discoveries. Ignaz Semmelweis implemented the policy of hand washing around 1847. Semmelweis noticed the high puerperal fever mortality rate among postpartum women and concluded that there was a link between the puerperal fever and the widespread practice among medical students of not washing their hands prior to childbirth and immediately after performing dissections. Around 1860, Louis Pasteur is credited with inventing the germ theory of disease and microbiology. Pasteur demonstrated various sterilizing methods, including boiling to destroy bacteria and limiting air exposure to prevent contamination.

7. Describe the differences between an allopathic physician (MD) and a holistic physician (DO). MDs and DOs mainly differ in their philosophies and approaches to treatment. Holistic physicians practice osteopathic medicine, which focuses on the body's musculoskeletal system. Allopathic physicians are trained as such, which means that their views include medical treatment as an active intervention in treating or curing the effects of diseases. 8. In the U.S. we have an imbalance of specialty care and primary care. What are the major medical care distinctions between these two majors? Explain the negative consequences of specialty maldistribution. The major distinction between primary care and specialty care lies in the scope of care and services provided to patients. The first point of contact for individuals seeking medical attention is primary care, which focuses on treating the person as a whole. It consists of a wide range of services such as disease prevention, health promotion, diagnosis, and treatment for acute or chronic illnesses. On the other hand, specialty care usually follows primary care and has a more narrowed focus. It may concentrate on specific diseases, organ systems, or body parts. Specialty care tends to be more in-depth due to its focused nature. Specialty maldistribution causes a high volume of intensive, expensive, and invasive medical services as well as to the rise in health care costs. The underprivileged communities will suffer the most without primary care providers because they tend to seek them out the most. Also, primary care plays a crucial role in disease prevention, health promotion, and managing chronic conditions effectively. When there is an imbalance between primary care providers and specialists, it can result in inadequate attention being given to preventive measures or holistic approaches towards patient well-being. 9. Describe the training of and discuss the important role that advance practice nurses and physician’s assistants (Non-Physician Practitioners) play in providing high quality, cost effective medical care. Advance practice nurses and physician's assistants play an important role in providing high-quality, cost-effective medical care due to their extensive education and training. Unlike the average nurse, these healthcare professionals have undergone additional schooling and certification, which enables them to provide a wider range of services. This expanded scope of practice allows them to deliver comprehensive care to patients, addressing not only their immediate medical needs but also other aspects of their well-being. NPPs work helps alleviate some problems created by the geographic maldistribution of physicians. By leveraging their advanced knowledge and skills,

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