CRT ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Feb 20, 2024

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Critical Race Theory: Systemic Racism in Healthcare Kayla C. Hatchett Chamberlain University PHIL 347N: Critical Reasoning Dr. Virginia Micheli October 4, 2023

The issue of systemic racism in healthcare has gained attention within our society, and it creates barriers that affects marginalized communities, and it undermines the idea of equality and justice. Disparities in healthcare found among diverse racial and ethnic groups are not coincidental, instead it reflects systemic racism that has been heavily embedded in rules and regulations. The healthcare system should be treating everyone affiliated with the system equally regardless of their racial background or ethnicity. There are socioeconomic factors that reinforce systemic racism and lead to adverse health outcomes Research shows that racism affects healthcare workers and their patients. Numerous studies express how minorities experience higher rates of chronic diseases, maternal mortality, and they have a lower life expectancy. Supporting Points Research shows that racism affects healthcare workers and their patients. Minorities experience higher rates of chronic diseases, maternal mortality, and lower life expectancy. There are socioeconomic factors that reinforce systemic racism and lead to adverse health outcomes, Disparities in access to healthcare. Implicit bias within healthcare and how it can influence treatment. Opposing view

Individuals should be more responsible for their health. Some can argue that minorities are choosing to have poor lifestyle habits. Racial disparities reflect the patients’ poor lifestyle choices. Bailey, Z. D., Feldman, J. M., & Bassett, M. T. (2021). How Structural Racism Works - Racist Policies as a Root Cause of U.S. Racial Health Inequities. The New England journal of medicine , 384 (8), 768–773. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2025396 This article discusses how racism can be noticed in laws, rules, and practices which eventually gets embedded in societal norms. The authors discuss redlining which was the act of the government highlighting communities that were composed of black Americans and they labelled them as negative areas and they did not distribute the HOLC loans to those residents. In regard to unequal health care, Samuel Morton, a America scientists influenced white superiority and in the 20 th century there were laws that prohibited miscegenation. This led to the eugenics movement of trying to establish a whiter nation which meant “better” and “more intelligent” (Bailey et al., 2020). The article discusses a situation where a physician tried to diagnose enslaved Africans with a metal illness due to them running way from their cruel living situations as a human slave (Bailey et al., 2020). The physician also argued that the cure for these diagnoses would be whippings, and that black people had another disease that involved “reduced intellectual ability, laziness, and partial insensitivity of the skin” (Bailey et al., 2020). This source was published on February 25, 2021, and it is current. This source is credible and reliable because they all have professional backgrounds in healthcare, they are

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