Lecture 4 Current issues, future challenges

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School

Yorkville University *

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Course

1010

Subject

Philosophy

Date

Oct 30, 2023

Type

pptx

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Uploaded by EarlMetal12264

“Exploring the Functions of Business” ADMS 1010 Petrenko Anton , PhD Office Hours: By appointment E-Mail: petrenko@yorku.ca

The focus of today's lecture is on the understanding of and evaluation of evidence for in an argument. We will proceed to consider two papers dealing with issues in Social Corporate Responsibility and Disaster Management. Course Objectives 1) Evidence 2) Types of Arguments (Deductive and Inductive) 3) Strengths and Weaknesses of Deductive and Inductive Arguments 4) Social Corporate Responsibility 3) Milton Friedman: The Responsibility of Business is to Maximize Profit 4) Disaster Management 5) Homer-Dixon: Tectonic Stresses

Midterm preview. Written answer Q. Read the newspaper article below and then respond to the following questions in the exam booklet provided: a) Using your own words, state the primary claim that is being made in the article and identify any secondary or related claims. (≈5 marks) b) Then critically evaluate the evidence provided by the author using the terms and criteria taught in this course. (≈10 marks) c) Next, describe the author’s underlying values and identify any assumptions they may have made. (≈5 marks) d) Finally, discuss whether you think the author’s claims are valid and convincing and use your critical analysis above to defend your response. (≈5 marks) Write your answer as a single, holistic response, but provide indicators for the different sections in the column (e.g. a), b), etc.). The approximate mark values for the various sections are indicated but your response will be assessed as a whole.

What is Evidence? A response to the question: Why is the conclusion true? Accuracy Precision Sufficiency Representativeness Authority Evidence for the claims (premises for the conclusions) can be evaluated on a number of criteria. Is the premise true (accurate)? Is it sufficiently precise (or vague, ambiguous)? Does it provide enough foundation for drawing the conclusion? If it is based on induction, is the sample representative of the population? Otherwise, is there a variety of sources? If we are asked to trust the source, does it have credible authority?

Categories of Arguments All arguments fall into two main categories: Deductively valid arguments and non- deductively valid arguments. Deductively valid (demonstratively valid) (non-demonstratively valid) Inductively Strong Not on the Test!

Strengths and Weaknesses of Deductive Arguments All humans are mortal beings Socrates is human Socrates is a mortal being The strength of deductive arguments is that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true with absolute certainty. The weakness is that they do not provide new information in the conclusion.: Demonstrable (can prove) Certain (absolute certainty) The strength of inductive arguments is that they do provide new information in the conclusion. The weakness is that it is not 100% certain. Don’t provide new knowledge If you can show in a deductive argument that one of the premises is false (inaccurate) then the whole argument fails. 90 out of 100 surveyed people support Trudeau Therefore, 90% of all people support Trudeau Not on the Test!

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