BA 290 test cheat sheet - Google Docs

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University of Illinois, Chicago *

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290

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Philosophy

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Oct 30, 2023

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Uploaded by vgonzalez207

Chapter 1: What is the purpose of the course?: To create an attitude,disposition, and a habit of living an ethical life in buisness ● Attitude: an active state an awareness od the ethical issues ● Disposition: A general personal outlook, a tempermant to act ethically as a first choice ● Habit: Constant development of an ethical attitude and disposition What is ethics? The philisophical discussion of morality What is buiness ethics? The philosophical discussion of morality within the context of the business world What does business ethics involve? The study and consideration of proper business polices and practices regarding potentially controversial issues What is morality? Concerns itself with the standards that a given society,group,and/or individual has in decking what is good or bad, right or wrong ● External sources: 1st class: we are taught to protect ourselves from harms;2nd class:where we learn to deal with relationships ● Internal sources: We mature as we get older, we begin to use experiences to develop our own moral standards. Kolbergs study of maturation(6 sateges) Level 1: Preconventional stage 1. Earliest stage:obidence and punishment a. Do the right thing or you will be punished b. Started at a young age when parents correct kids behavior 2. Individualism and exchange a. Differenr individuals have different views Level 2: Conventional stage 1. Interpersonal relationships a. Focused on living up the social expectations of others 2. Maintaining social order a. Focus on maintaining law and order Level 3: Post conventional morality 1. Social contact and individual rights a. Accept the importance of rules but onlyu those rules that the members of society as a whole agree upon 2. Universal principles a. Focues on interalized principles of justice Chapter 2: What is critical thinking? :Requires certain skills to gather and asses evidence, process ideas and reach logical conclusions based upon the evidence;Prof. Roe states responsible thinking and not blind acceptance of propositions cannot be supported in reason or by empirical evidence. Biases impacting on critical thinking? 1. Confirmation bias: The tendency for individuals to favor info or data that supports their beliefs & disregards info or data,inconsistent with their beliefs; The tendency of people to only seek out info that supports their preexisting conclusions and ignore evidence that might refute the preexisying conclusion 2. Anchoring Bias: Involves the human tendency to rely too heavily in the 1st piece of info offered(the anchor when making decisions) 3. Dunning-Kruger effect bias: The inability to accurately access your own level of knowledge ot a topic 4. Optimism/Pessimism: When assessing various options,the tendency to allow your assessment of possible outcomes 5. Backfire Effect: When you challenge or reject somones ideas, beliefs, or proposal the tendency of that person to believe more strongly in the original ideas, beliefs or proposals. Logical fallacies: 1. Appeal to false authority 2. Red herring 3. Attacking the person 4. False dichotomies 5. Fallacy of complex questions a question which assumes unproven facts 6. Thgamblers fallacy 7. Observational bias-Streetlighting effect 8. Argument by threat-the bullies logic

9. Perception is reality 10. Circular agreements 11. Reasoning from the relative to the absolute 12. Confusing legality with morality 13. Confusing causation with correlation “common amuter mistake” 14. Fallacy with small numbers 15. Emotional appeals 16. False analogies 17. Confusing freedom of speech with the truth Rationalizations: Involve illogical or irrelevant explanations for improper behavior Chapter3: Ethical theories: 1. Ethical relativism: What is morally right/wrong subjectively varies from person to person or society to society;Varies from time to time 2. Egoisim: The view that morality coincides with the self intrest or ones well being of oneself or an org. Based upon ones self intrest a. Personal egoists: those who adopt and egostic ethic for themselves but dont make the universal claim that akk individuals should do the same b. Impersonal egoists: claim that the pursuit on ones self interest should motivate everyines behavior 3. Kantian(denotological): The moral worths of an action is determines based on good will;Good will is the capacity of people to act from the rational moral practices;DUTY BASED 4. Ulititarism: Ficuses on primarily the consequences;Focuses in wgar produces the greater good for the greatest number in the long term; 5. Destic: The god or gods will tell us what is right or wrong 6. Ethics of care: Empasizes the impirtance of human relationships;involves considering our relationships with oters as well as those affected by our actions 7. Virtue ethics: Ethics focuses on positive traits to produce better people Chapter 4: Decision making The audit analysis of past bad decisions lets you learn and hopefully, facilitates better future decisions(Learn from your mistakes) The decision making process 1. Determine the objective facts by using WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE & WHY a. Obhective facts by using critical thinking skills i. When u first discover and ethical dilema, you usually dont have all the facts ii. Facts change iii. What is the deadline 2. Identify as much as possible exactly what the ethical problem may be? 3. Define the ?.identify all of those who may be affected by the issue&the decision you make regarding the issue a. Stakeholdrs are broadly defined as anyone who has an interest in the outcome of a business decision 4. Identify your options and the effects on each stakeholder 5. Make the decision a. Unexpected benefit:A positive unexpected benefit(serenidity,luck) b. Unexpected drawback: A negative or underestimated result;occuring in addition to the desired effect of the policy The fraud triangle 1. Motivation: Most fraud is motivated by financial pressures and Vice pressures 2. Rationalization :Call it what it is and you are 3. Oppourtunity: The ability to commit the wrongful act;Assesing the odds of getting caught

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