ICT Final Project

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Philosophy

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Running Head: FINAL PROJECT Final Project Ontario Ervin CNDV 5311 L31

2 FINAL PROJECT Final Project Philosophy of Human Nature My philosophy of human nature is that we are born with a unique core but with a few commonalities, but our experiences mold us. Imagine a snowflake falling from the sky. The pattern will be unique, but once it lands on its mountain top and rolls down, it will be molded into something entirely different from other snowballs. Every rock and wind shift that changes the direction of the snowball is like every experience; it changes our personality and how we view and navigate the world around us. Humans are born with an innate drive for morality. I have this belief because of infants. Infants are like snowflakes. They are new and have not had time to become affected by many outside factors. Infants are naturally good beings; they typically do not behave maliciously. A study by Yale University found that babies are drawn to good over evil (Stafford, n.d.). The study showed shapes doing a series of tasks, some helping other shapes and others hindering different shapes. At the show's end, a third of the infants chose the shapes that were helping. Another study with puppets showed a puppet being mean to another puppet. In another scene, the mean puppet was attempting to open a crate, and that was the original victim puppet, slamming it closed after he opened it. When the infants were shown the puppets again, they chose the puppet that slammed the crate shut. Researchers concluded that infants had an awareness of justice as well (Born Good?, 2012) Humans are naturally good in how we feel when helping or hindering someone. When we hinder others, we usually have a guilty feeling. This guilty feel can be aligned with our incongruence. Carl Rodgers believed that incongruence is a product of conditions of worth being placed on an individual, as the individual acts in ways that do not align with their natural state.

3 FINAL PROJECT Since we are born inherently good, behaving immorally can cause us to feel non-genuine, which we perceive as guilt. Our natural sense of inferiority causes human motivation. This inferiority is natural, like when infants and young children struggle with physical, cognitive, or psychological hurdles (Neukrug, 2017). However, these feelings are the fuel for our motivation. Adler believed that we are constantly striving for perfection. Striving for perfection is the natural motivation force of all people (Neukrug, 2017). This pushes us toward reaching our goals and leads direction toward our future. The hedonic principle states that people are motivated to approach pleasure to avoid pain (Krons et al., 2014). A situation or external event does not cause stress. Our interpretation of that situation leads to a stressful flight or fight response. Using this view, stress is not an imbalance between real demands in the environment and the person’s actual ability to adequately cope with the demands, but an imbalance between perceived needs and a person’s judgment of their ability to cope with these demands (Tyson & Pongruengphant, 2007)., the situation is not stressful, but our inability to deal with the situation is what causes us stress. Stress is not always negative. Small amounts of stress are reasonable. It motivates us to complete a task. Humans change and grow through experiences. Being able to experience a situation molds us to adapt to it and learn for the next time. We share events consciously and unconsciously. Consciousness is what we are aware of; it is when we can identify an emotion, recognize experience, recognize an experience, or reflect on self (Neukrug, 2017). We develop a sense of self and the ego when born. The ego is a filter that is filtered to experiences allowing them to remain conscious. However, as the person grows, the ego will be expanded as the

4 FINAL PROJECT previously unconscious attitude has been integrated into the consciousness. Over time these small changes to our consciousness change us and our perspectives on the world around us. The first step towards wellness would be to awareness of an issue. If an individual is unaware that they have a problem, they do not like to seek help or make changes. The next step would be seeking treatment. Depending on the type of issue they are suffering from will decide the best treatment method. For example, if a client suffers from an unresolved problem with someone who has passed or can no longer speak with CBT, the empty chair technique may help them voice those final words. However, if an individual has anxiety, they may benefit from the thought-stopping technique. Overall, people should seek professional treatment that best aligns with their illness. Counselor Roles According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, the best personalities trait of a counselor are extraverted, intuitive, feeling, and perceiving, ENFP. These individuals will help clients see the bigger picture and make the initial contact easier, warm, empathetic, and flexible (Granello & Young, 2018). A counselor should also be non-judgmental and have unconditional positive regard, kindness, and some degree of relatability. These traits will work as you continue working with a client and help build a relationship with the client. Clients seek out therapy to express their issues and find treatment. Opening up to a therapist comfortably is a significant factor in treatment. Clients should also feel like the counselor can relate to their situation directly or indirectly. A counselor who cannot connect to their client will miss the subtle nuances of their condition. Being someone’s counselor is a contracted position. The counselor is obligated to help them solve their problem. A therapist should help clients identify goals and potential solutions to

5 FINAL PROJECT the issues that cause emotional stress; improve communication and coping skills; build self- esteem; and promote behavior change for mental health. A counselor should be a confidant to the client. The client should feel they can express anything to a counselor without judgment. A counselor should always have the client’s best interest at heart but also be able to tell the client if certain behaviors are maladaptive. A counselor should not instruct the client what to do but guide them through treatment. Tell them what to do will not fix their issue but giving them coping skills and other techniques will help them with that specific and similar problem. For example, helping a client with a topic related to his coworkers may help him address issues with his family and friends. As a therapist, I want to work in juvenile corrections. I have worked in a juvenile detention center, and the job brought me the most meaningfulness. Before I had any formal training, I was aware of specific characteristics that were needed to make the conversation flow. I showed the member unconditional positive regard before I knew what it was. I encouraged open and effective communication by allowing them to voice their issues and why they did the crime instead of assuming they were wrong. Every member there was there for a reason. I did not treat any member differently because of their behaviors. Being kind yet firm made me stand out from the other staff; the member quickly talked to me but still respected my position. I could give them the exact instructions as other staff, but the relationship I built made the command more tolerable. With more training, I want to be able to help the members cope with their traumas and be able to assimilate back into society. Theoretical Approach The humanistic approach views human nature as good with the potential to maintain healthy, meaningful relationships and make choices that benefit themselves and those around

6 FINAL PROJECT them (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, nd). A humanistic therapist focuses on helping people free themselves from negative assumptions. These therapists emphasize growth and self- actualization. They target consciousness rather than the unconscious and past causes. Humanists believe that not being genuine is the source of the problems. However, existential and humanistic therapists believe people have an innate capacity for responsible self-direction. They create a therapeutic relationship that is warm and accepting and trust that the client’s inner drive is to actualize (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, nd). The existential approach to psychology is interested in helping the client find philosophical meaning in the face of anxiety by choosing to think and act authentically and responsibly. Existential therapists believe that people are born into a world without meaning or purpose. They are not born good or bad. Since life has no meaning, we are responsible for making it meaningful through our choices. Gestalt therapy is also anti-deterministic as it does not require unraveling years of childhood issues and rejects the idea that we are determined by early childhood development (Neukrug, 2017). The central problems people face are rooted in anxiety about loneliness, isolation, despair, and death. However, creativity, love, authenticity, and free will are all pathways to people's meaningful lives (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, nd). Everyone suffers a loss, and those losses cause anxiety because they cause a reminder of human limitations and death. Existential therapist assumes the belief that people’s problems come from not using choice and judgment enough to find meaning in their lives (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, nd). Existential-humanistic psychology also contains three counseling approaches, person- centered therapy, gestalt therapy, and existential therapy. Person-centered therapy, created by Carl Rodgers, focuses on a phenomenological perspective on the individual. Rodger believed

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