PSY 570 Milestone IV

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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570

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Philosophy

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Jan 9, 2024

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 Research the policies and laws regarding potential ethics issues. Read about similar situations in the past and consult the guidelines available on the topic. Consider the outcome of any previous cases of ethical violations. Sara Bellum should have studied the rules and regulations for accepting patients outside of her competency.  Carefully assess all the factors influencing the decision. Examine the situation from every angle before finalizing a decision, even if extra time is needed. Before accepting a new patient, Sara Bellum should have considered every possibility. She should have questioned the attorney's expectations of her and his own motivations.  Consult with a trusted colleague to get an unbiased perspective. Ethical decisions are often complicated, and sometimes our perceptions and opinions skew our judgement. One of Sara Bellum’s fellow attorneys could have persuaded her to pass on the case, since she was not a good fit for the client.  Accurately assess the rights, responsibilities, and susceptibilities of all parties involved. Evaluating the client using outdated versions of intelligence tests that do not take disabilities into account pose significant inaccuracies with Sara Bellum's report; perhaps she could have contracted an outside source to assist with more current assessment materials.  Generate an alternative decision on the situation; a Plan B. A mental health professional should consider all options, from high-risk to inappropriate. This process often leads the therapist to a more confident decision that did not come initially.  Tally the costs involved in each decision. After determining the price of every option, psychologists should also weigh in on the long term, short term, and ongoing financial obligations.  The final step is action, but only after determining that the decision does no harm to anyone involved. If there is a possibility of harm done, the psychologist must go back and choose another option. 1. Identify the Problem Gathering as much information as possible is the first stage. This information will help you understand the situation better. It is critical to verify whether the problem is an ethical dilemma

or not. The possible issue in the case of Zena Freeman and Macho Mann Ph.D. is that Macho Mann Ph.D. abuses his authority as a teacher and uses sexist language to dissuade Zena Freeman from pursuing a profession in psychology. As previously indicated, Macho Mann, Ph.D., violated numerous of the APA rule of ethics. 2. Establish Decision Criteria The subsequent step is to gather all necessary information on the ethical obligations that a Macho Mann, Ph.D. must undertake. Gather all relevant information from all parties involved. In this case, the APA code of ethics serves as guidance. The APA Code of Ethics are outlined as follows Principle A: Beneficence and Non-beneficence, Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility, Principle C: Integrity, Principle D: Justice, and Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity (APA, 2021). Macho Mann, Ph.D., also violated the APA's ten ethical rules, which govern ethical principles and behavior for psychologists in clinical and academic settings (APA, 2021). 3. Determine the Dimensions of the Dilemma After considering any applicable ethical guidelines, we must assess legal requirements, commitments, or organizational concerns that may impact or limit our decision-making. This involves establishing the seriousness of the accusations, finding who is aware of the issue, and determining who may be harmed as a result of it. There is no lawsuit in this situation since it is not deemed sexual harassment. However, Macho Mann Ph.D. violated many APA ethical guidelines; thus, he can be reported.

• Examine the dilemma’s implications for each of the foundational principles: autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity. Decide which of the principles apply to the specific situation, and determine which principle takes priority for you in this case. In theory, each principle is of equal value, which means that you will need to use your professional judgment to determine the priorities when two or more of them are in conflict. • Review the relevant professional literature to ensure that you are using the most current professional thinking and are aware of the diversity issues involved in the particular situation. • Consult with experienced professional counselors and/or supervisors who also abide by the ACA Code of Ethics. As they review the information you have gathered with you, they may help you to see other issues that are relevant or provide a perspective you have not considered. They may also be able to identify aspects of the dilemma that you are not viewing objectively. • Consult your state or national professional associations to see if they can provide help with the dilemma 4. Generate Potential Courses of Action • Brainstorm as many potential courses of action as possible. Be creative and list all the options you can think of, even ones you are unsure of will work. • In this brainstorming phase, you want to generate as many potential solutions as possible. Do not worry about judging and eliminating solutions; you will evaluate them in the next step. • Whenever possible, consult with at least one colleague who subscribes to the ACA Code of Ethics to help you generate options. Counselors may utilize a range of strategies to gain practical help while dealing with

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ethically related situations. Because ethical issues might be challenging, you should discuss the topic with a colleague to acquire their perspective and ensure that your impression of the scenario is inaccurate. It is critical to consult with a trusted colleague to avoid receiving incorrect advice on managing the problem. 5. Examine each party's rights, weaknesses, and duties This step is rather simple in that it guarantees that all participants are kept confidential, have informed permission, and receive proper feedback on the problem. 6. Evaluate Alternative Decision This step entails contemplating numerous choices, including the option of doing nothing. Multiple options enable you to analyze various consequences based on your preference, allowing you to select the optimal decision for the circumstance. There are several scenario possibilities. As a result, after consulting with other specialists, we must decide how to continue. 7. Evaluate Decision We must examine the repercussions of the different courses of action we can take after consulting with other specialists and addressing the psychological risks with the customers. In this phase, you must determine any potential repercussions of all conceivable decisions. This includes all social, psychological, and potential abuses of individual rights. 8. Make a Decision The final line of action we would follow in the case is to select from the options mentioned.

After considering many possibilities, evaluating the potential consequences of each, and consulting with colleagues, it is time to make the best decision based on the best rationale. Step 8: Make the decision. Ethical Strategy A mental health professional must consider the specific circumstances of the problem. Only then can he or she develop an ethical and effective strategy going forward. Initially, the five guiding principles must be considered: AUTONOMY, JUSTICE, BENEFICENCE, NONMALEFICENCEAF and FIDELITY. This will help determine the most effective protocol for the dilemma at hand. Quite often, the real concerns in a case will become clearer as the investigation progresses. Following the phases of Eight-Step Model coupled with a brief examination of the five principles may lead to the possibility of an alternitive method in solving the problem that may be more suitable for a problem such as Dr. Sara Bellum. Alternative Decision-Making Models A more contemporary decision-making model evolved called the PLUS Ethical Decision- Making Model. PLUS is an acronym that stands for; Policies, Legal, Universal, & Self. During the critical steps within this model, the decision maker works through the PLUS filters to ensure proper considerations were given to potential ethical violations. The seven steps of the PLUS model are as follows: ♦ 1: Define the problem and determine if the situation violates PLUS considerations. ♦ 2: Consult with a colleague for relevant assistance, guidance, and support. ♦ 3: Identify any and all viable options in solving the problem. ♦ 4: Evaluate these alternatives for resolving and correcting any violations. ♦ 5: Make the decision. ♦ 6: Implement a plan of action. ♦ 7: Evaluate the conclusion.

Even though this case never went into criminal territory, another model that may prove viable is the Restorative Justice Model. This is based on a theory to repair the harm caused by conduct. The model involves all parties working together toward the resolution. This effort includes offenders, their families, the wounded, and others that may have an interest in making things right (Restorative Justice Organization, 2021). The group effort could have a positive effect on not only the community and a family, but it is the correct message to send to the psychology field. The future of the American Association of Psychology and all in mental health arena depends on ethical considerations throughout each and every project. Culture and Social Orientations in how culture and social orientations have influenced the development of the proposed ethical strategy. Assess how the strategy addresses ethical problems associated with multicultural competence issues in your chosen case study. Multiple –Role Relationships : Explain how considerations of multiple role relationship issues have influenced the development of the proposed ethical strategy and assesses how strategy addresses ethical problems associated with multiple role relationship issues in your chosen case study. Multiple relationships are also presented in this case. Zena Freeman's instructor and mentors are Macho Mann, Ph. D. His responsibility as a teacher is to educate Zena Freeman on the psychology course and clarify any course content that she may not grasp. A good teacher and mentor mean that if a student is having difficulty understanding any of the content, he is responsible for assisting the student in better understanding the information and answering any questions that may arise. As well as providing any additional reading resources and materials that may help the student further understand the knowledge required in the course. However,

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Macho Mann, Ph. D., fails to fulfill his responsibility as a teacher. Instead of lectures, Zena Freeman discouraged her from pursuing a profession in psychology by using sexist language. As a result, an ethical dilemma arises. References Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. https://www.apa.org. (2021). Retrieved 23 November 2021, from https://www.apa.org/ethics/code. Forester-Miller, H., & Davis, T. (2016). Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making. American Counseling Association. Retrieved 22 November 2021, from https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/ethics/practioner-39-s-guide-to-ethical decision-making.pdf. Levitt, D. H., Farry, T. J., & Mazzarella, J. R. (2015). Counselor ethical reasoning: Decision- making practice versus theory. Counseling and Values, 60, 84–99.

Stadler, H. A. (1986). Making hard choices: Clarifying controversial ethical issues. Counseling and Human Development, 19, 1–10. Tutorial: Introduction to Restorative Justice. Restorative Justice. (2021). Retrieved 23 November 2021, from http://restorativejustice.org/restorative-justice/about- restorativejustice/tutorial-intro-to-restorative-justice/#sthash.4irxRBcG.dpbs. Van Hoose, W. H., & Paradise, L. V. (1979). Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy: Perspectives in issues and decision making. Cranston, RI: Carroll.

PSY 570 Milestone IV

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