Raw 5 by Robert Crosswhite

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Central Lakes College *

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Philosophy

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Jan 9, 2024

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RAW 5: Review and Write – Immanuel Kant Ethics Part I: Assigned Readings: Rachels Chapters 9 and 10 found on D2L REVIEW DIRECTIONS: For this section, your task is to thoroughly summarize the main points with the supporting details of the topic or argument in the assigned reading sections. You will need to paraphrase the readings into your own words. Rachels Text: From our provided Rachels textbook, paraphrase and summarize each of the following sections (each answer should be a minimum of one paragraph): 9.2 The Categorical Imperative: Kant's ethical theory is grounded in the idea of the categorical imperative, which is an unconditional moral obligation that applies to all rational beings. According to Kant, moral laws must be universal and apply to everyone equally. He argues that there are two formulations of the categorical imperative: the first is the formula of universal law, which states that one should only act according to maxims that one can will to become universal laws. The second formulation is the formula of humanity, which states that one should always treat humanity, whether in oneself or others, as an end in itself and never merely as a means to an end. 9.3 Kant’s Arguments on Lying: Kant believes that lying is always wrong, even if it is done with good intentions. He argues that lying undermines the moral law and the principle of respect for persons, as it treats others as mere means to an end rather than ends in themselves. Kant argues that lying is particularly problematic because it undermines trust and undermines the very possibility of communication, which is necessary for moral and social interactions. 9.4 Conflicts between Rules : Kant acknowledges that there may be conflicts between moral rules, but he argues that there is a way to resolve these conflicts through reason. He believes there are no exceptions to moral rules, but conflicts can be resolved by determining which rule is more fundamental and applies in the situation. Kant argues that the rule that applies in the particular case is the one that is more universal and would be chosen by a rational being in a similar situation. Chapter 10.1 Kant’s Core Ideas: Kant's ethical theory is grounded in his belief that morality is based on reason rather than tradition or authority. He argues that the foundation of morality is the categorical imperative, which is an unconditional moral obligation that applies to all rational beings. Kant believes that moral laws must be universal and apply to everyone equally, and that moral principles are not dependent on the circumstances of an individual situation. For Kant, moral reasoning is a matter of applying the categorical imperative to particular cases, and he argues that moral principles must be derived from reason rather than from tradition or authority. Source: Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, Kant’s Moral Philosophy: from this source you must paraphrase and summarize the following sections. (2 paragraph minimum for each answer) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/

Goodwill, Moral Worth, and Duty: Kant's moral philosophy is grounded in the idea that moral worth is based on good will, which he defines as the disposition to act from a sense of duty. He argues that actions have moral worth only if they are done from a sense of duty, rather than from inclination or self-interest. According to Kant, duty is determined by moral law, which is a universal principle that applies to all rational beings. Moral law is based on the principle of respect for persons, which requires that we treat all rational beings as ends in themselves and never merely as means to an end. Kant believes that moral worth is the highest value and that it is the only thing that is truly good without qualification. He argues that the good will is the only thing that is intrinsically valuable, and that all other goods are only valuable if they are used for the sake of the good will. Duty and Respect for Moral Law: Kant believes that moral principles are universal and necessary and that they are based on reason. Moral law is the supreme principle of morality, and it is binding on all rational beings. According to Kant, moral law is based on the principle of respect for persons, which requires that we treat all rational beings as ends in themselves and never merely as means to an end. He argues that moral duties are categorical imperatives, which are unconditional moral obligations that apply to all rational beings. For Kant, moral law is not based on a situation's particular circumstances but on the principle of respect for persons. He believes that moral reasoning is a matter of applying moral law to particular cases, and that moral principles must be derived from reason rather than from tradition or authority. Kant's ethical theory is grounded in the idea that moral worth is based on goodwill, which is the disposition to act from a sense of duty and to follow moral law, regardless of the consequences. Raw 5 Part II: Immanuel Kant Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals General Directions: Section one and section two of this reading can be a challenging read, but don’t get too distracted by the long sentences or jargon. Focus on finding something that interests you in each area and do your best to explain what Kant is saying about the categorical imperative and the concepts that are involved. ***This Reading is on D2L*** Text: Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Section I. Directions: In this part of the text (Section One), Kant defines and clarifies some important concepts. First, find a concept or word that Kant is explaining. Next, as you read the text, identify an important quote from the text that helps to explain the concept and then write down your own explanation about what Kant is claiming. First find a word in the reading you think is a

concept Kant is explaining. Second, find a quote you think defines that word, and finally explain and interpret what you think Kant is claiming in your own words. Concept Quote Your Explanation Goodwill "The goodwill is good not because of what it performs or effects, not for its usefulness or advantages, but simply for the volition, that is, it is good in itself, and considered by itself is to be esteemed much higher than anything it could ever bring about by way of satisfaction or enjoyment" Kant defines goodwill as a moral concept that refers to the intention behind an action rather than the action itself or its consequences. He argues that goodwill is intrinsically valuable, meaning that it is good in itself and not because of the outcomes it produces. This quote highlights the idea that the goodness of goodwill is based on the will or intention of the person performing the action, rather than the outcomes or benefits of that action. Kant emphasizes that goodwill should be esteemed higher than anything it could bring about in terms of satisfaction or enjoyment, emphasizing that the intrinsic value of goodwill is of utmost importance. Duty "Duty is the necessity of an action from respect for law" Kant defines duty as an obligation to act in accordance with the moral law. He argues that moral obligations are not based on our desires or inclinations but are objective and universal. This quote emphasizes that duty arises from a sense of respect for the moral law, which is based on reason and not on any particular individual's preferences. Therefore, duty is not something that we choose to do, but rather something that we are obligated to do based on rational principles of morality. Hypothetica l Imperative “If the action is good merely as a means to something else, then the imperative is hypothetical; if it is represented as good in itself... then the imperative is Kant distinguishes between two types of imperatives: hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives are conditional and

categorical" depend on some desired end or goal, whereas categorical imperatives are unconditional and apply to all rational beings. This quote highlights that a hypothetical imperative is a conditional command that applies only if we desire a particular outcome or goal, whereas a categorical imperative is an unconditional command that applies regardless of our individual desires or goals. Therefore, according to Kant, moral imperatives must be categorical rather than hypothetical, since they must apply to all rational beings regardless of their individual preferences. Categorical Imperative Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" The categorical imperative is the central concept in Kant's moral philosophy. It is an unconditional principle that applies to all rational beings, and it requires us to act only in ways that we could will to become universal laws. This quote highlights the idea that we should act only according to maxims, or subjective principles of action, that we could rationally will to become universal laws. This means that we must consider the implications of our actions for all rational beings, not just ourselves, and act in a way that respects the inherent worth and dignity of all individuals. Maxim "By a maxim I mean a universal principle of action, valid for every rational being" A maxim is a subjective principle of action that we use to guide our behavior. According to Kant, a maxim is a universal principle of action that is valid for every rational being. This quote highlights the idea that a maxim is a principle that guides our behavior and is applicable to all rational

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