Ethics Disscussion Week 14

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School

Nightingale College *

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346

Subject

Philosophy

Date

Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by DukeIron7477

This week, you analyzed how Virtue theory and Utilitarian principles were fundamental to the conception and application of modern medical ethics. Now, you will illustrate the arguments made from the assigned material to determine when and under which circumstances each principle would become the prima facia duty. Remember, you must demonstrate a good understanding of the reading, and as this is a 300 course, you must paraphrase your source(s) with in-text citations while refraining from direct quoting. Let’s jump in! 1. What is telos, and how does it apply to medical ethics? 2. According to Gardiner, what can Virtue theory offer over consequentialist and deontological ethics? 3. According to Vearrier, why is it important to shift from deontological principles to a utilitarian framework during a crisis? 4. Provide an example where you would need to utilize either Virtue theory or Utilitarianism in your nursing field. Be sure to respond with an active interest to expand the conversation and, utilizing the Socratic method, pose a question. 1. What is telos, and how does it apply to medical ethics? Telos, a word of Greek origin, translates to "end" or "purpose." In medical ethics, telos denotes the objective of medicine, which is to enhance the health and well-being of the patient. This implies that healthcare practitioners must always prioritize the interests of their patients, even if it requires making tough choices (Matthews, 2020). For instance, if a patient is terminally ill and experiencing severe pain, a healthcare practitioner may have to determine whether continuing treatment that only prolongs the patient's agony is the right decision. In such a scenario, the healthcare professional must consider the patient's telos, or what is optimal for the patient's long-term interests. 2. According to Gardiner, what can Virtue theory offer over consequentialist and deontological ethics? Gardiner suggests that Virtue theory can provide certain benefits in clinical ethics that surpass those of consequentialist and deontological ethics. Specifically, the Uprightness hypothesis prioritizes the character of healthcare professionals rather than just the outcomes of their actions. This means the theory is more likely to lead to ethical decision-making even in challenging situations (Matthews, 2020). Additionally, the Prudence hypothesis is more adaptable than consequentialist and deontological ethics' rigid rules and principles. The

Excellence hypothesis permits healthcare professionals to exercise judgment and make the best decision for each unique situation (Matthews, 2020). 3. According to Vearrier, why is shifting from deontological principles to a utilitarian framework during a crisis significant? According to Vearrier, adopting a utilitarian approach during emergencies is crucial instead of relying on deontological standards. The latter can result in inaction since they prioritize moral duty over practical outcomes. For instance, a medical professional may choose between saving two patients, and deontological standards may lead them to save the one with a better chance of survival. However, in the long run, it might be more beneficial to society if the patient who is not saved could have made a significant contribution (Matthews, 2020). Making decisions that benefit the most people is paramount in emergencies. Therefore, Utilitarianism is often the preferred moral framework in such situations. 4. Provide an example where you would need to utilize either Virtue theory or Utilitarianism in your nursing field. As a caretaker in the medical field, the Goodness hypothesis can be a valuable tool in making complex decisions regarding a patient's care. In cases where a patient declines treatment that may be deemed necessary, it is essential to consider their values and goals to determine the best course of action. Additionally, Utilitarianism can be helpful in situations where resources are limited. For instance, if multiple patients need the same medication, assessing which patient would benefit most from the treatment may be necessary. The uprightness hypothesis prioritizes healthcare professionals' traits over the actual outcomes of their actions. Is this always the most effective approach? Are there situations where it might be more important to prioritize the results of an action, even if it means deviating from the values of healthcare professionals? Matthews, G. W. (2020). Philosophical ethics. George W. Matthews.

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