Ganesh Sivararamakrishnan_Lab report#4

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Lab Report #4: Energy and Work Praneel, Katie and Mary Introduction: The purpose of experiment one was to determine the potential, kinetic, and total energies of an object thrown straight up. The purpose of experiment two was to determine the work done on an object with a constant force. The purpose of experiment three was to determine the work done on an object with a non-constant force. Potential energy is stored energy in an object. Kinetic energy is energy related to movement. The total energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Work measures the energy transferred when an object is moved over a distance by an external force. The efficiency measures the amount of energy that is lost to external forces and no process can be 100% efficient due to the second law of thermodynamics. Relevant Equations: Potential energy: PE = mgh = (9.8m/s^2)(0.077 kg)h Kinetic energy: 𝐾𝐸 = 1⁄2( ? )( ? ^2) Total energy: TE = PE + KE Work: W = Fx = ΔPE + ΔKE = ΔTE = ΣF1*Δx1 + F2*Δx2... Spring Force: F = -kΔx Potential energy of spring: PE = 1⁄2(k)Δx^2
Efficiency = energy out/work in * 100% Mass of ball: 77.0 g = 0.077 kg Experiment 1: The Energy of a Thrown Object Procedure: Use a scale to record the ball’s mass. Connect the Motion Detector to PASCO. Hold the ball 0.5 m above the motion detector and start recording. Using 2 hands, throw the ball upward, making sure not to go higher than 1.5 m. Repeat this until a parabolic graph with no spikes or flat regions is recorded. Data Analysis: Figure1: Points where ball left the hand, when the ball was on top of its path, and ball moving downward before being caught respectively.
Time (s) Height( m) Velocity (m/s) Potentia l Energy (J) Kinetic Energy (J) Total Energy (TE) Where ball left the hand 0.850 0.37 3.22 0.276 0.393 0.667 Ball on top of its path 1.300 1.30 0 0.968 0 0.968 Ball moving downwa rds before being caught 1.800 0.28 3.31 0.209 0.416 0.625 Table 1: time, height, velocity, PE, KE, TE of ball at different moments in its journey
Figure 2: Total, Potential, and Kinetic energies of the ball plotted against time When the ball is thrown up, the velocity decreases so its kinetic energy also decreases. Kinetic energy initially increases, reaches its max when the ball is released from the hands, then decreases until the ball reaches its peak position and kinetic energy should be 0. The potential energy, however, increases as the ball’s height increases. Potential energy is highest when the ball's position is highest. As the ball falls and height decreases, PE also decreases. In the TE plot, TE is relatively constant since any decrease in PE/KE is accompanied with an increase in the other form of energy. As potential energy increases, kinetic energy decreases and vice versa. The total energy graph is a combination of the shapes of the potential energy and kinetic energy graphs. Total energy remains relatively constant when compared to KE and PE at that same time, suggesting that it is conserved. TE is the sum of PE and KE and energy wasn’t lost in this experiment so it was conserved. Experiment 2: The Work Done by a Constant Force
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