31-40 exam question

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University of Texas, Arlington *

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3262

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Political Science

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Apr 3, 2024

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31 . Why did President Gerald Ford appoint George H.W. Bush as head of the CIA? What did Ford and Congress add to the CIA reform plans? In late 1975, President Ford appointed George H. W. Bush as the agency’s new director and gave him the authority both to reform the CIA and to strengthen its role in shaping national security policy. Most notably, Ford issued an executive order outlawing assassination as an instrument of American foreign policy. To prevent future abuses, Congress created permanent House and Senate intelligence committees to exercise general oversight for covert CIA operations. 32 . Was President Jimmy Carter successful as President in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal? Ford’s lackluster record and the legacy of Watergate made the Democratic nomination for president a prize worth fighting for in 1976. James Earl Carter, former governor of Georgia, became the front-runner. He ran as an outsider, portraying himself as a Southerner who had no experience in Washington and one who could give the nation fresh and untainted leadership. In 1980, Jimmy Carter, who used the Watergate trauma to win the presidency found himself politically troubled by inflation, a recession, unemployment approaching 8% by July 1980, as well as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the hostage takeover of the American Embassy in Iran. Republican nominee Ronald Reagan blamed Carter for inflation and accused Carter of allowing the Soviets to outstrip the United States militarily. He promised a massive buildup of American forces if he was elected. Reagan defeated Carter in the Election of 1980. 33 . What was President Ronald Reagan’s plan to repair the economy ravaged by inflation during the Carter administration? Reagan embraced the concept of supply side economics as the solution for the nation’s economic problems. Supply-side economists believed that the private sector, if encouraged by tax cuts, would shift its resources from tax shelters to productive investment, leading to an economic boom that would provide enough new income to offset the lost revenue. 34. What is PATCO and how did Reagan resolve their strike? The Professional Air Traffic Controllers’ Organization was one of the few unions to support Reagan in the 1980 campaign. When PATCO went on strike in August 1981 , Reagan fired the striking air traffic controllers and refused to rehire them when the strike collapsed. The strike was the result of stalled
contract negotiations between PATCO and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The controllers wanted a reduced workweek of four days and thirty-two hours in response to widespread controller fatigue. 35. While continuing Reagan’s theme of “limiting federal interference in the everyday lives of American citizens”, where did George H. W. Bush make an exception? The one exception was the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), passed by Congress in 1991, which prohibited discrimination against the disabled in hiring, transportation, and public accommodations. Beginning in 1992, the ADA called for all public buildings, restaurants, and stores to be made accessible to those with physical handicaps and required that businesses with twenty-five or more workers hire new employees without regard to disability. 36. What is NAFTA and what did President William Jefferson Clinton see as its economic benefit? What did critics see as its flaw? In 1993, Congress approved of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA, initiated and nearly completed by Bush (George H. W. Bush), was a free- trade plan that united the United States, Mexico, and Canada into a common market without tariff barriers. Clinton endorsed the treaty as a way of securing American prosperity and spreading American values. Critics complained that free trade would cost American workers their jobs as American companies moved production overseas. 37 . What was President George W. Bush’s U.S. foreign policy response to the September 11 attacks? In September 2002, the Bush administration released a fully developed statement of its new world policy, “National Security Strategy (NSS) of the United States.” The goal of American policy, Bush’s NSS declared, was to “extend the peace by encouraging free and open societies on every continent.” There were two main components to the new strategy, which critics quickly called unilateralism. The first was to accept fully the role nation had been playing since the end of the Cold War: global policeman. The U.S. would not shrink from defending freedom anywhere in the world— with allies if possible, by itself, if necessary. In the role of world cop, Bush and his advisers asserted the right to the preventive use of force. Although promising to seek the support of the international community before using force, the NSS stated, “we will not hesitate to act alone, if necessary, to exercise our right of self-defense.” The Bush
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