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1. Make a list of all the negative things you have heard about Marx and communism.
Marx and communism have been the subject of numerous negative criticisms. One of the primary concerns is that communism leads to a lack of individual freedom. Critics argue that communism requires strict adherence to a collective ideology, which can lead to oppressive regimes. Another criticism is that communism can result in economic inefficiencies, as it eliminates market competition and can lead to a lack of innovation.
(Wall, 2005)
Furthermore, some argue that communism is unrealistic and goes against human nature. The idea
of communal ownership of property, resources, and means of production is often seen as impractical and difficult to implement. Additionally, communism has been accused of suppressing creativity and innovation, as it does not provide the same incentives for individuals to work hard and develop new ideas.
(Wall, 2005)
2. Why do you think a capitalist state would be invested in demonizing Marx and discrediting Marxist thought?
The reason why I think capitalist states would demonize Marxist thought is due to the fundamental differences between the two economic and political ideologies. Capitalism is based on private ownership of property and the pursuit of profit, while Marxism advocates for the abolition of private property and a classless society. Capitalist states view Marxism as a challenge to their established order, and they may seek to discredit it to maintain their dominant position. Moreover, powerful economic actors may support efforts to discredit Marxist ideas to protect their financial stake in the system. Furthermore, during the Cold War era, capitalist states had a strong incentive to discredit Marxism to undermine the appeal of the Soviet model and maintain their global influence. Discrediting Marxist thought can also be a way to discourage political and social change that might challenge the existing power structure. (Wall, 2005)
3. Why is it important for a society to be good? (Answer found in the Introduction section)
According to Marx, society needs to be good because a good society is capable of enabling the well-being and flourishing of all its members. Marx accepted that human beings are fundamentally social creatures and that our capability to flourish relies on the quality of our social relationships and the arrangements of humanity. Thus, a good society can create conditions that allow individuals to fully develop their potential and live fulfilling lives. Additionally, Marx believed that a good society can promote justice and equality, and can provide for the basic needs of all its members. Ultimately, Marx saw a good society as one that can overcome the alienation and exploitation that are inherent in capitalist societies, and that can create a truly human community based on cooperation and mutual support. (Wall, 2005)
4. Explain why Marx does not think that society steers us in the direction of perfection and happiness. (Answer found in the Introduction section)
Marx did not believe that society steers us toward perfection and happiness, as he saw society as being shaped by economic forces rather than abstract ideals. He believed that capitalism leads to inequality, exploitation, and alienation and that the pursuit of profit under capitalism undermines the well-being of society as a whole. Marx believed that true happiness and fulfillment could only be achieved through the creation of a classless society based on cooperation, mutual support, and common ownership of the means of production. (Wall, 2005)
5. Why is Marx interested in understanding what causes great changes in society? (Answer found in Worldview section)
Marx was interested in understanding what causes great changes in society because he believed that history is not just a random collection of events, but rather a series of interconnected social and economic processes. He argued that changes in society are not just the result of the actions of
individuals or groups, but are shaped by deeper structural forces, such as class conflicts and economic contradictions. Marx believed that understanding these underlying forces was crucial for developing a scientific understanding of social change and for creating a more just and equitable society. Ultimately, Marx's goal was to use his insights into these structural forces to help bring about a socialist revolution that would lead to the creation of a classless society.
(Wall, 2005)
6. Why is work a central concept for Marx? (Answer found in The Influence of Capitalism section)
Marx believed that work is central to understanding capitalism and human nature. Work is not just a means of survival, but also a fundamental aspect of human nature. Capitalism alienates workers from the products of their labor and one another. Marx saw this as a form of exploitation, which can be overcome by creating a society in which workers collectively own the
means of production and control the products of their labor. In such a society, work would become a means of self-expression and fulfillment, rather than a source of exploitation and alienation.
7. Explain why the doctrine of private property is at the heart of capitalism. (Answer found
in the Influence of Capitalism section)
Private property is at the heart of capitalism because it allows individuals or groups to own and control the means of production. This system leads to the exploitation of workers and perpetuates
social inequality, as those who own the means of production accumulate wealth and power at the
expense of those who do not. Marx believed that the only way to overcome these inequalities was to abolish private property and create a society in which the means of production were collectively owned and controlled by the workers themselves.
(Wall, 2005)
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8. Explain how those who own private property accumulate wealth (Answer found in The Influence of Capitalism section)
Those who own private property accumulate wealth by extracting surplus value from the labor of
workers. They pay workers less than the value of the goods they produce, and the difference between the value of the goods and the wages paid is the source of their profits. This process perpetuates class divisions and social inequality, as those who own the means of production accumulate wealth and power at the expense of those who do not. According to Marx, the only way to overcome these inequalities is to abolish private property and create a society in which the means of production are collectively owned and controlled by the workers themselves. (Wall,
2005)
9. Describe Hegel's understanding of social change. (Answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Hegel believed that social change occurs as a result of the clash between opposing ideas or forces. Society progresses through a series of stages, each characterized by a particular set of ideas or social structures. The contradictions between old and new ideas or structures become more pronounced, leading to conflict and struggle. This eventually leads to the synthesis of the two opposing forces, creating a new stage of development. Marx was influenced by Hegel's dialectical approach to history but criticized him for his idealism and failure to recognize the importance of material conditions in shaping social change. (Wall, 2005)
10. Explain Feurbach's idea of god. (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Feuerbach argued that God is a human creation, a projection of the best qualities of humanity onto a supernatural being. He believed that religion is a form of self-alienation that leads people to look outside of themselves for the qualities they need to live fulfilling lives. According to
Feuerbach, the way to overcome this alienation is to recognize that humans create their values and meaning in life. His ideas were influential in shaping the development of atheism and secular
humanism. (Wall, 2005)
11. Explain why idealizing the best of human qualities and making them belong to god has been detrimental to human beings. (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Idealizing the best of human qualities and attributing them to God is detrimental because it can lead people to neglect their potential and agency, and become dependent on external forces. Feuerbach argued that people should recognize their responsibility for creating their values and meaning in life to overcome this alienation and self-neglect. (Wall, 2005)
12. How does Marx define class within society? (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Marx defined the class as a group of people who share a similar relationship to the means of production. He identified two main classes in capitalist society: the bourgeoisie, who own and control the means of production, and the proletariat, who sell their labor for wages. According to Marx, class conflict is the driving force of history, which will ultimately lead to the overthrow of
the capitalist system and the establishment of a classless society. (Wall, 2005)
13. Define the means of production (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
The means of production refer to the physical and non-physical resources used in the production of goods and services. This includes the tools, equipment, machinery, factories, land, natural resources, and technology required to produce goods and services. The means of production are fundamental to the functioning of any economic system, as they determine how goods and services are produced, who controls the production process, and who benefits from the resulting output. In Marxist theory, ownership and control of the means of production are central to the
distribution of power and wealth in society, and the abolition of private ownership of the means of production is a key goal of socialism. (Wall, 2005)
14. Define forces of production (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Forces of production refer to the material and non-material inputs used in the production of goods and services, including human labor, technology, knowledge, and social organization. In Marxist theory, the forces of production are the driving force behind social and economic development, as they determine the level of productivity and efficiency in a given society. Marx believed that the development of the forces of production leads to changes in the relations of production, as new technologies and social arrangements transform the way goods and services are produced and distributed. The forces of production are therefore critical to understanding the dynamics of social change and the prospects for creating a more just and equitable society.
(Wall, 2005)
15. Explain the surplus value of a product (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
In Marxist theory, surplus value is the difference between the value created by a worker's labor and the wages they receive. Capitalist employers extract surplus value by paying workers less than the value they create, using the surplus to accumulate wealth. Marx believed that this process leads to worker exploitation and the alienation of labor. He argued that the only way to overcome this exploitation is to abolish the capitalist system and create a society where workers own and control the means of production, and surplus value is distributed according to the needs of society. (Wall, 2005)
16. Define profit (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Profit is the financial gain that a business or individual earns from a commercial transaction. It is the difference between the total revenue generated from sales and the total expenses incurred to
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produce and sell the goods or services. Profit is a crucial measure of a business's success, as it indicates the amount of money that remains after all costs have been accounted for. In capitalist economies, the pursuit of profit is a central driving force behind economic activity, as individuals
and firms seek to maximize their financial gains. However, profit is also a source of controversy,
as critics argue that it can lead to exploitation, inequality, and environmental degradation. (Wall, 2005)
17. Explain class conflict (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Class conflict refers to the tension and struggle that exists between social classes in a given society. In Marxist theory, class conflict arises from the fundamental economic and social differences between the bourgeoisie, who own and control the means of production, and the proletariat, who sell their labor to the capitalist class. Marx believed that class conflict is an inherent feature of capitalist societies, as the pursuit of profit leads to the exploitation of workers,
who are paid less than the value of the goods and services they produce. This exploitation creates
a class struggle between the ruling class and the working class, which can manifest in various forms, such as labor strikes, protests, and political movements. According to Marx, the resolution
of class conflict requires the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a classless society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production. (Wall, 2005)
18. Who does the state support - the dominant or oppressed class? (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
According to Marxist theory, the state is an instrument of the ruling class and serves to protect the interests of the dominant class. In capitalist societies, the ruling class is the bourgeoisie, who own and control the means of production. The state, which includes the government, police, legal
system, and military, is seen as a tool of the ruling class to maintain its dominance and suppress any threats to its power. This can include using force to quell protests or strikes, passing laws that benefit the ruling class, and creating an ideological framework that justifies the existing power structure. In contrast, Marx believed that the oppressed class, the proletariat, could only achieve liberation by overthrowing the ruling class and establishing a classless society based on democratic control of the means of production. (Wall, 2005)
19. Why is the state not a natural entity for Marx? (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Marx saw the state as a product of specific historical and economic conditions, rather than a natural entity. He believed that the state emerged as a result of the contradictions and conflicts inherent in class societies, particularly capitalist societies. According to Marx, the state is not a neutral arbiter of justice or a representative of the common good, but rather an instrument of the ruling class that serves to maintain the existing power structure. Marx argued that the state is a reflection of the dominant economic and social forces in society, and as such, it cannot be divorced from the class struggle that defines the history of human societies. Therefore, for Marx, the state is not an inherent or natural entity, but rather a historical product that can be transformed through social and political struggle. (Wall, 2005)
20. Explain how the dominant class uses ideas to maintain the exploitation of the subordinate class (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
In Marxist theory, the dominant class uses ideas to maintain the exploitation of the subordinate class. These ideas are disseminated through various channels, such as the media and education system, and create a cultural hegemony that justifies and naturalizes the existing power structure.
This can lead to false consciousness among the subordinate class, making them unaware of their
exploitation. The dominant class also creates divisions within the subordinate class, weakening potential challenges to their power. (Wall, 2005)
21. Explain how religion is a tool of exploitation (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Marxist theory suggests that religion can serve as a tool of exploitation by the ruling class. It can justify the existing power structure and discourage resistance by promoting the idea of divine right. Additionally, religion can create false consciousness and divisions within the subordinate class, weakening potential challenges to the dominant power structure. (Wall, 2005)
22. Define ideological superstructure (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
In Marxist theory, the ideological superstructure refers to the cultural, legal, political, and religious institutions that reflect and reinforce the economic base of a given society. It is created and maintained by the ruling class to justify and naturalize their power and privilege, discouraging resistance to the existing social order. (Wall, 2005)
23. Define economic substructure (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
In Marxist theory, the economic substructure refers to the base of a given society's economic organization, including the means of production and the social relations of production. The means of production include the physical and non-physical resources used to produce goods and services, such as technology, factories, and raw materials. The social relations of production refer to the relationships and power dynamics between different classes in society, such as the relationship between owners and workers. According to Marx, the economic substructure is the foundation of a society's organization, and it shapes the political and cultural superstructure that is built on top of it. The economic substructure is therefore a critical determinant of the distribution of power and resources in a given society. (Wall, 2005)
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24. Explain the concept of economic determinism (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Economic determinism is a concept within Marxist theory that posits that the economic structure of a given society determines the political, legal, and social institutions that arise within it. According to this perspective, the economic base, or the mode of production, is the foundation upon which the rest of society is built. The forces of production and the social relations of production determine the distribution of power and resources in society, which in turn shapes the
development of political and cultural institutions. Economic determinism suggests that changes in the economic base of society will ultimately lead to changes in the superstructure, such as changes in the legal system, ideology, and culture. In this way, economic determinism highlights the fundamental importance of economic relations in shaping the broader organization of society.
(Wall, 2005)
25. While most of us think that our concept of justice determines how we distribute the goods of society, in reality, the way that wealth is distributed determines how we think about what is fair. Explain (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
In reality, the way that wealth is distributed in a society can shape the way that people think about justice and fairness, rather than the other way around. According to Marxist theory, the economic structure of a society determines the distribution of power and resources, which in turn
shapes the development of political and cultural institutions, including the dominant ideas and values about justice and fairness. This means that the way that people think about justice and fairness is often influenced by the distribution of wealth and power in their society, rather than being determined by abstract ethical principles. For example, in a society with extreme wealth inequality, people may be more likely to accept the idea that some individuals or groups are
naturally superior to others, which can justify and perpetuate existing class divisions. In this way,
the distribution of wealth and power can shape not only the material conditions of a society but also the way that people think about and justify those conditions. (Wall, 2005)
26. Explain the change in class structure in European history from ancient Greece to the present day (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
The class structure in European history has undergone significant changes from ancient Greece to the present day. Society was divided into two main classes in ancient Greece, while the Middle Ages saw the emergence of the feudal system. Capitalism replaced feudalism in the 16th century, leading to the rise of a new class of capitalists. The Industrial Revolution created a new working class, and the 20th century saw the establishment of a new middle class. Today, European societies have complex class structures, with a small number of ultra-wealthy individuals at the top, a shrinking middle class, and a growing working class. (Wall, 2005)
27. Describe Marxist socialism (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section)
Marxist socialism is an economic and political ideology based on the ideas of Karl Marx, which seeks to create a classless society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the working class. According to Marxist theory, capitalism leads to the exploitation of workers, who are paid less than the value of the goods and services they produce. Marxist socialism aims to overcome this exploitation by abolishing the private ownership of the means of production and
creating a society in which workers collectively own and control the means of production. This would eliminate the profit motive and create a society in which goods and services are produced according to the needs of society as a whole, rather than for the benefit of a privileged few. In Marxist socialism, the state is seen as a tool of the ruling class and would eventually wither
away, as the working class takes control of the means of production and governs society through direct democracy. (Wall, 2005)
28. How is communism different from socialism? (answer found in the Influence of Hegel section and the Society section)
Socialism and communism are both ideologies that seek to create a classless society in which the
means of production are owned and controlled by the working class. Socialism aims to redistribute wealth and power more equally within society through various economic and political systems, while communism is a specific form of socialism that aims to create a stateless society in which the means of production are collectively owned and controlled by the working class. (Wall, 2005)
29. What we experience and observe as human nature is a product of the society we find ourselves in. Explain this thought (answer found in the Human Nature section)
The idea that human nature is a product of the society we find ourselves in suggests that how we think, feel, and behave is shaped by the social and cultural structures that surround us. This means that what we consider to be "natural" or "innate" human characteristics may be the result of socialization and cultural conditioning. For example, the way that we understand gender roles or the value we place on individualism versus collectivism can vary across different societies and
historical periods. This perspective challenges the notion of fixed and universal human nature and highlights the importance of examining the social and cultural context in which people live.
(Wall, 2005)
30. How do we define the state of nature? (answer found in the Human Nature section)
The state of nature is a concept in political philosophy that refers to a hypothetical condition of human beings before the establishment of political societies and government. In this state,
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individuals are free and equal and have natural rights that are not dependent on the consent of any authority. The state of nature is often characterized as a condition of chaos, where individuals are in a constant state of conflict and competition for resources. This concept has been used by philosophers to explore questions about the origins of political authority, the role of
government, and the nature of human society. However, it is important to note that the state of nature is a hypothetical construct and not a historical reality. (Wall, 2005)
31. Describe the social contract (answer found in the Human Nature section)
The social contract is a political theory that suggests that individuals voluntarily give up some of their liberties in exchange for the protection and benefits provided by a government or political society. The social contract is based on the idea that people are naturally free and equal, but that life in a state of nature may be characterized by conflict and chaos. The social contract thus involves an agreement between individuals and the state, in which the state provides protection and security in exchange for the individual's obedience and allegiance. This theory has been used
to justify the existence of governments and political societies, as well as to explore questions about the rights and obligations of individuals and the state. (Wall, 2005)
32. Describe production and need fulfillment under communism (answer found in the Human Nature section)
Under communism, production is geared towards meeting the needs of society as a whole. The means of production are collectively owned and managed, with decisions made democratically based on the community's needs. Resources are allocated based on need rather than the ability to pay, allowing for a more equitable distribution of resources. Centralized planning and coordination are often used to ensure efficient use of resources and access to goods and services for all members of society. (Wall, 2005)
33. Describe the good life, according to Marx (answer found under Consequences: Ethics section)
Marx believed that the good life involved a society where individuals were free to develop their full potential and pursue their interests without the constraints of social and economic inequality.
This would require the abolition of private property and the establishment of a society where the means of production were collectively owned and managed, allowing for the full realization of human potential. In such a society, individuals would be free to pursue their passions and interests without being constrained by the need to earn a living, and work would be a source of fulfillment and creative expression rather than a means of survival. (Wall, 2005)
34. List the reasons why capitalism is inefficient and wasteful (answer found under Consequences: Ethics section)
Marx argued that capitalism is inefficient and wasteful for several reasons. First, it is based on the pursuit of profit, which often leads to the production of goods and services that are not needed or desired by society. This results in overproduction and waste. Second, competition among capitalists for profits leads to the exploitation of workers and the creation of an unstable job market. This, in turn, leads to social and economic inequality. Third, capitalism is prone to economic crises, such as recessions and depressions, which can cause widespread unemployment
and hardship. Finally, capitalism is unsustainable in the long run, as it relies on the exploitation of natural resources and the environment, leading to ecological devastation and potentially irreversible damage to the planet. (Wall, 2005)
35. List the reasons why capitalism is irrational (answer found under Consequences; Ethics)
Marx believed that capitalism is irrational for several reasons. Firstly, capitalism leads to economic crises, such as recessions and depressions, due to the inherent contradictions of the system, such as overproduction and underconsumption. Secondly, capitalism creates a false sense of value, where the price of goods and services is determined by market forces rather than their true value to society. This leads to the misallocation of resources and the production of goods that are not needed or wanted, while essential goods and services remain undersupplied. Thirdly, capitalism leads to inequality and exploitation, as the pursuit of profit incentivizes the exploitation of workers and the environment to increase profits. Finally, capitalism is unsustainable and destructive, as it relies on the constant expansion of markets and consumption,
which is not compatible with the finite resources of the planet. (Wall, 2005)
36. While Marx does not call capitalism unjust, but Thomas Wall does. Why, according to Wall, is capitalism unjust? (answer found in the Consequences: Ethics section)
According to Thomas Wall, capitalism is unjust because it perpetuates systemic inequalities that are deeply rooted in the economic system. Wall argues that capitalism is inherently exploitative, as it allows the wealthy and powerful to profit from the labor of the working class. This creates a system of inequality in which the wealthy continue to accumulate wealth and power, while the working class struggles to make ends meet. Furthermore, Wall argues that capitalism is unjust because it prioritizes profit over the needs and well-being of people and the environment. This leads to the exploitation of natural resources, environmental degradation, and the neglect of social services such as education and healthcare, all of which contribute to the perpetuation of inequality and injustice. (Wall, 2005)
37. Describe the different types of alienation (answer found in Consequences: Ethics section
and in Reading 1 of Marx)
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Marx identified several different types of alienation that occur under capitalism. The first type is the alienation of the worker from the product of their labor. Under capitalism, workers do not own the means of production, and the products of their labor are owned by their employers, which results in a sense of detachment and powerlessness. The second type of alienation is the alienation of the worker from the act of production. In capitalist production, workers are not involved in the decision-making process and have little control over the conditions of their work,
leading to a feeling of disconnection and lack of meaning. The third type is the alienation of the worker from their fellow human beings. Capitalism pits workers against each other in competition for jobs and wages, leading to a lack of solidarity and community. Finally, there is the alienation of the worker from their species-being or their essential human nature. Under capitalism, workers are reduced to mere economic units, rather than being able to express their full potential as human beings. (Wall, 2005)
38. Why are workers not free under capitalism (answer found under Consequences: Freedom section)
According to Marx, workers are not free under capitalism because they are forced to sell their labor power to survive. This puts them in a position of dependence on the capitalist class, who own the means of production and control the production process. Workers are not free to choose their work or to determine their working conditions, as they are subject to the whims of the capitalist class. Moreover, workers are not free to participate in the decision-making process regarding the products they produce and the means of production. The capitalist class exercises control over these aspects of production, leaving workers with no say and no control over their own lives. Marx argues that this lack of freedom and control is a form of exploitation that is inherent to the capitalist system. (Wall, 2005)
39. Why is there no need for a state under communism? (answer found in the Society section)
Marx believed that there would be no need for a state under communism because the class struggle would be eliminated. The state exists to protect the interests of the ruling class and to maintain order in society, both of which would no longer be necessary under communism. Instead, Marx envisioned a decentralized society in which individuals would cooperate to meet their collective needs and to ensure the well-being of all members. Decision-making would involve the participation of all members rather than being controlled by a centralized authority. Marx saw communism as a way to create a truly democratic society in which all members have equal power and influence. Marx believed that there would be no need for a state under communism because the class struggle would be eliminated. The state exists to protect the interests of the ruling class and to maintain order in society, both of which would no longer be necessary under communism. Instead, Marx envisioned a decentralized society in which individuals would cooperate to meet their collective needs and to ensure the well-being of all members. Decision-making would involve the participation of all members rather than being controlled by a centralized authority. Marx saw communism as a way to create a truly democratic society in which all members have equal power and influence. (Wall, 2005)
40. Describe work in a communist society (answer found under the Society section)
In a communist society, work would be meaningful and fulfilling for individuals as they would have control over the means of production and the products of their labor. Workers would not be alienated from their work, as they would have a say in the decision-making process and would be
able to express themselves through their work. Additionally, work would be organized in a way that prioritizes the needs of society rather than the pursuit of profit, and workers would have the
freedom to develop their skills and pursue their interests. In a communist society, work would be
seen as a means of contributing to the common good and would be valued for its social and cultural significance. (Wall, 2005)
41. Explain the difference between private property and personal property (answer found in the Types of Socialism section)
The difference between private property and personal property lies in ownership. Private property refers to assets that are owned and controlled by individuals or corporations to generate profit, such as factories, land, and machinery. In contrast, personal property refers to possessions that are primarily for personal use, such as clothing, furniture, and electronics. While private property generates wealth for its owners and contributes to social and economic inequality, personal property is seen as a basic right that allows individuals to meet their basic needs, express their individuality, and pursue their interests. (Wall, 2005)
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Bibliography
Wall, T. F. (2005). On Human Nature.
Holly J. Allen.