Exam 1 Review

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University of Houston *

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3370

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Political Science

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Apr 3, 2024

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Political cultures What phrase captures the idea of political equality? Equality describes that all human beings are equal, and equality in distribution, namely equal distribution of wealth, social opportunities, and political power. What do you call a government that has formal limits placed on it? Constitutional Government Totalitarianism - governments not only lack legal limits but also try to eliminate institutions that might challenge their authority. These governments typically attempt to control all a nation’s political, economic, and social life (ex- north Korea today) Authoritarianism - governed by a single individual—a king or dictator, for example. Oligarchy - Where a small group—perhaps landowners, military officers, or the wealthy— controls most of the governing decisions, that government Autocracy - governed by a single individual—a king or dictator, for example. Direct Democracy - permits citizens to vote directly on laws and policies Popular Sovereignty -a principle in democracy in which political authority ultimately rests in the hands of the people Where did the majority of foreign-born individuals in the US originate from? About half of the foreign-born population came from Latin America and the Caribbean. 1/3 in Latin America and 1/10 in Caribbean Democratic Republic/representative democracy - a system of government in which the populace select representatives, who play a significant role in government decision making. Percent of Americans that identify as Protestant, Jewish or Catholic? 35% Protestants 22% Catholic 2% Jewish

Trust in Government: Where do Americans fall with regard to trust? How has trust in Government changed? Trust in government had been generally declining since 1960, but in 2000, in response to the September 11 terrorist attack, Americans lifted the popular trust above the 50% level for the first time in decades Breaking the amount of trust down by demographic groups give level for each Political efficacy – what is it and how has it changed? Political efficacy - the belief that ordinary citizens can affect what the government does It has declined over time. In 1960, only 25% of Americans felt shut down by the government, in 2019, 71% of Americans feel shut out Breakdown by demographics African Americans and Latinos express slightly more confidence in the federal government than do Whites (although even among the most supportive groups, considerably more than half trust the government only some of the time). Underrepresented or overrepresented – Throughout history, Americans have mostly moved from rural areas and small towns to large cities and suburbs. As a result, the national political system was still largely rural and underrepresented urban Americans. Providing each state with two senators, for example, would overrepresent populated rural areas and would underrepresent large urban areas. Which institution in the federal government causes urban voters to be underrepresented? The Democratic Party controlled the House of Representatives The idea of majority rule is ensured primarily through which federal institution? The supreme court Public good – define it and give examples of what would be considered a public good Government is needed to provide those services, sometimes called “public goods,” that citizens all need but probably cannot individually provide adequately for themselves. Governments vary considerably in terms of who governs and how much government control is permitted. Many governments around the world (and most governments before the modern era) have accepted few limits on their behavior and provided citizens with limited opportunities to participate in public affairs.

When Americans think of liberty what freedoms do they generally equate it with? For Americans, liberty means both personal freedom and economic freedom. Both are closely linked to the idea of limited government . Liberty has come to mean many of the freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of Rights: freedom of speech and the press, the right to assemble freely, and the right to practice religious beliefs without interference from the government. Government – institutions and procedures through which a territory and its people are ruled Community standards of behavior and Personal liberty define and give an example of a policy where they may come in conflict. The scope of personal liberties has expanded as laws have become more tolerant and as individuals have successfully used the courts to challenge restrictions on their individual freedoms. Far fewer restrictions exist today on the press, political speech, and individual behavior than in the early years of the nation. One reason ACA was controversial? Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") required that insurers pay for access to contraceptive care. The law’s supporters argued that this provision simply ensured women’s access to basic health care. Some businesses, however, denounced it as a violation of their fundamental liberty to run their businesses and use their property as they see fit. The purpose of the Bill of Rights? The Constitution’s first 10 amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, delineate individual personal liberties and rights. Specifically, 1st amendment is designed to protect against which branch? The protection of religious freedom is laid out in the First Amendment, which states that Congress cannot establish a state religion nor prohibit free exercise of religion. 2-4th amendments are designed to protect against which branch?  Executive 5th – 8th – amendment is designed to protect against which branch?  Legislative

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