Week 9 Study Guide NSCI 201

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Psychology

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May 24, 2024

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Week 9: Stress/Mood Disorders Learning Objectives 1. Distinguish between the terms “stressor,” “stress,” and “stress response.” List various effects of acute and chronic stress. 2. Understand the parts/hormones of the HPA axis. Describe how glucocorticoids are transported in the blood. 3. How to determine whether a glucocorticoid is acting via an intracellular receptor or a membrane-bound receptor? 4. Describe the role of the hippocampus in the stress response and how it is affected by chronic stress. 5. List the symptoms of unipolar depression and its glucocorticoid correlates. 6. Explain how inflammation is related to depression. Identify two major types of immunity. Distinguish B cells vs. T cells. What are cytokines? 7. Identify conclusions, strengths and weaknesses, and propose a follow-up experiment for a study about stress. MCQ Knowledge Check: 1. A brain region is highly sensitive to chronic stress, and this region shows dendritic atrophy and cell death in response to chronic high glucocorticoid levels. What is the main function of this brain region? a. Executive function b. Language acquisition c. Learning and memory d. Audition e. None of the above 2. You have received a vaccine that exposes you to an inactive version of a pathogen. You encounter this pathogen months later and it enters your lung epithelial cells. Of the following, what type of immune cell will directly attack the pathogen first? a. Cytotoxic T cell b. Helper T cell c. Antigen d. Microglia e. Two of the above
Short Answer: Single-prolonged stress (SPS) is an animal model for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Researchers hypothesized that changes in hippocampal GR and MR are critical for altered hippocampal function following SPS . Adult male rats (n=14) were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Subjects in the SPS group received the SPS procedure on day one, which consisted of 2 hours of restraint in a tube and 20 minutes of swimming in a tank of water. Subjects were then kept in their home cage for 7 days, without handling. Subjects in the control group were held in their home cage with no handling for 7 days. Researchers used immunohistochemistry to measure glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in the hippocampus, including the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The researchers quantified GR and MR immunoreactivity (ir) in the entire hippocampus, as indicated by Optical Density (OD) (higher OD values indicate darker staining). They also calculated the MR/GR ratio in the entire hippocampus and in the CA1 region specifically. *p<0.05 in comparison with control group. A. What are the main conclusions from this experiment, in relation to the hypothesis ? Explain. (4pts). B. What is one strength of the experimental design? Explain. (5pts). C. What is one weakness/limitation of the experimental design? Explain (5pts). D. Describe one follow-up experiment to further test this hypothesis (a study not described in lecture or in textbook). Include control groups and predictions. Use your creativity! (6pts).
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