Embryological divisions of the brain Chapter 2

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Embryological divisions of the brain In early development at about gestational week four, the brain forms three bulges - Hindbrain (rhombencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and forebrain (prosencephalon) What is the hindbrain? - The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. What is the pons? - A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain that participates in the management of states of consciousness. What is the cerebellum? - A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans. - Input from the spinal cord tells the cerebellum about the current location of the body in three-dimensional space. What can damage to the cerebellum affect? - skilled movements, including speech production also subtle deficits in cognition and perception. What is the relationship between the cerebellum and autism? - In cases of autism spectrum disorder, in which language, cognition, and social awareness are severely affected, abnormal development of the cerebellum is frequently observed What is the myelencephalon/medulla? - The most caudal part of the hindbrain; contains several cranial nerve nuclei and participates in the management of breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. What is nuclei? - Collections of cell bodies that share a function What can damage to the medulla cause? - You to DIE… as it controls vital functions What is the reticular formation? - A collection of brainstem nuclei located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain that regulates consciousness, arousal, movement, and pain. What do many of the nuclei and circuits within the reticular formation play important roles in?

- Regulation of consciousness and arousal, movement, pain, habituation What is the metencephalon? - The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum. As in the medulla, large fiber pathways with embedded nuclei are found in the pons. Among the important nuclei found at this level of the brainstem are the cochlear nucleus and the vestibular nucleus. What is the cochlear nucleus? - A group of cell bodies in the pons that receives information about sound from the inner ear. What is the vestibular nucleus? - A group of cell bodies in the pons that receives input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear. The cochlear nucleus receives information about sound, and the vestibular nucleus receives information about the position and movement of the head. This vestibular input helps us keep our balance Do you remember the reticular formations? How is it related to REM sleep? - Reticular nuclei in the pons are necessary for the production of rapid-eye- movement (REM) sleep What are the raphe nuclei? - Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep, arousal, mood, appetite, and aggression. What are the locus coeruleus? - A structure in the pons that participates in arousal, sleep, and mood.

(structures of the brainstem) What is the midbrain? - The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain, including the superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. What is mesencephalon? - Another term for midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain. What is the tectum? - The “roof,” or dorsal portion, of the midbrain. What is the tegmentum? - The “covering,” or ventral, portion of the midbrain. What is the cerebral aqueduct? - The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles. What is the periaqueductal gray? - Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play roles in sleep, complex movements, the sensation of pain, and parenting behavior.

The midbrain also contains a number of nuclei associated with cranial nerves and the most rostral portion of the reticular formation. What is the red nucleus? - A structure located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum; source of the rubrospinal tract. What is the substantia nigra? - Midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain. What disease is related to the substantia nigra? - Degeneration of the substantia nigra occurs in Parkinson disease, which is characterized by difficulties in initiating movement. What is the ventral tegmental area? - An area adjacent to the substantia nigra of the midbrain that participates in reward-seeking behaviors. What is the superior colliculi? - A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinates visually guided movements and visual reflexes. What is the inferior colliculi? - A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that processes auditory information. What is the forebrain? - The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon. - The forebrain contains many of the most advanced and most recently evolved structures of the brain. What is the diencephalon? - A division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the retina of the eye. What is the telencephalon? - The division of the brain comprising the bulk of the cerebral hemispheres. What is the cerebral hemispheres?

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