Summative Assessment- Early and Middle Childhood

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1 Summative Assessment: Early and Middle Childhood Amber Landis University of Phoenix Psych/600 Monika Howard February 19, 2024

2 Early and Middle Childhood Children transition and grow throughout childhood. Their most significant growth comes throughout infancy and the toddler years, but the most impactful time of a child’s life is their early and middle childhood years (Santrock, 2020). This is a time of their life where their brains will nearly reach their adult size, they start speaking more and grow into their own person. How children develop and learn throughout these times in their life is not a one size fits all type of scenario, every child is different. Early Childhood Early childhood is, often, considered the “preschool years.” This is the stage when children experience rapid physical, neurological, and social changes. They also have rapid cognitive and moral changes during this time. This growth and development take place from birth to the age of eight (Santrock, 2020). Understanding these changes can better prepare one for the ever-changing needs of children. Physical Changes Throughout early childhood, children go through significant growth and development. These children will become taller, their proportions change, and they start to gain better control over their gross and fine motor skills (Santrock, 2020). This is a period when children tend to learn to run, jump, write, and draw. Neurological Changes This time in a child’s life is critical for their brain development. By the age of size 6 a child’s brain has grown to 90% of it is adult size, this a rapid growth that does slow down (Santrock, 2020). Children have improvements in multiple cognitive functions because of an

3 increase in their synaptic connections. This is also the prime time for children to learn and develop because of the brain’s plasticity. Cognitive Changes A child’s cognitive development is the changes to their thinking and reasoning abilities. This is a time in which a child will start to use symbols and language, develop memory and imagination (Santrock, 2020). Children are egocentric during this period because of their inability to understand other’s perspective. Social Changes A child’s social development entails them learning knowledge, skills, and values allowing them to effectively relate to others (Santrock, 2020). It has also enabled them to contribute to family, school, and the community in positive ways. Early childhood is a time when a child develops their first friendships, understands how to work within a group and their role within that group, also learning to cooperate with others. The Transition Between The transition from early childhood to middle childhood happens between the ages of 8 to 12. This is a time where they will see changes physically, neurologically, cognitively, morally, and socially (Santrock, 2020). This is a critical period of a child’s life. Physical Changes This is the time when we see a child’s growth start to slow and they will enter puberty. This usually will happen sooners in females than males.

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