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Literature Review Nicole Gourley Pennsylvania State University 301W: Psychology Professor Pamela Dubyak October 22, 2023

Literature Review Nicole Gourley Eating disorders have always existed, even prior to smartphones, laptops, and televisions. However, the rise of technology allows individuals to broadcast romanticized versions of their lives, highly edited photographs of themselves, and unrealistic lifestyle preferences. My research hypothesis is that media in itself has an effect on eating disorders, causing unattainable expectations for consumers, causing distress and extreme changes in their eating patterns because of this. One article I discovered is from the National Eating Disorder Association, speaking on media consumption and dissatisfaction with people’s bodies. The hypothesis is that as the amount of consumption of media in individuals increases, dissatisfaction with body and excessive focus on needing to change appearance increases. This is important because it acknowledges the severity in media consumption and constantly consuming material that isn’t benefitting individuals. The independent variable in this case would be media consumption, and the dependent variable would be body dissatisfaction. A second article I discovered is from PubMed Central, overall confirming my hypothesis and stating that media consumption- primarily focused on magazines, television, and movies. This was especially focused on young girls and boys, rather than adults. This is importance and concerning because exposure to this content at such a young age can be very detrimental to not only mental health, but physical health being affected by disordered eating patterns and desires to change due to comparison. The independent variables in this article are beauty magazine

exposure, television, and movie consumption. The dependent variable is disordered eating patterns, dissatisfaction with body image, and eating disorders in young adults and children. I found my third article particularly interesting. It speaks on how social media can contain a lot of pro-eating disorder content, encouraging the detrimental behaviors of individuals. Algorithm can lead individuals to consume this media more and more, because media knows what you watch more, and will place that content in front of you. This can lead individuals into a downward spiral, chasing an image of a desirable body that is literally unattainable. It was also mentioned that individuals with prior body image and disordered eating patterns are more likely to fall victim to unhealthy social media consumption, thus leading to relapse, body image issues, self-dissatisfaction, disordered eating patterns, and serious eating disorders. The independent variables in this were social media consumption and history if self-image/body-image issues/disordered eating patterns. The dependent variable is eating disorders. For each of these studies, a lot of the experimental analysis is done by self-reports. Experimental participants are individuals that consume media and/or have body image issues. This is a concern for the studies, as mentioned, because self-report is not always a reliable source for analysis. However, diagnoses of eating disorders are not self-reported, and dissatisfaction with the body and disordered eating patterns can be self-reported. The amount of screen time on an individual is surely attainable and cannot be altered prior to experimentation, so this is easily measured. The control group wouldn’t consume mass amounts of media, or any at all, and the experimental group would consume beauty magazines, watch movies, consume disordered eating social media content, etc. Consistently throughout the studies, there is a concern for disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders when looking at media use and eating disorders. There is no

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