PSY2022_W1_Project_Baker_Ashley

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Week 1 Project Ashley R Baker South University Human Growth and Development Dr. Jacqueline Julien Due: January 15, 2024 The Early Theories of Human Development Briefly describe Freud, Erickson, and Piaget theories about development. Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops during early childhood. For Freud, childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults. Freud viewed development as discontinuous; he believed that each of us must pass through a series of stages during childhood, and that if we lack proper nurturance and parenting during a stage, we may become stuck, or fixated, in that stage. Freud’s stages are called the stages of psychosexual development. According to Freud, children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Erik Erikson, another stage theorist, took Freud’s theory and changed it as psychosocial theory. Erikson’s psychosocial development theory emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature. While Freud believed that personality is shaped only in childhood, Erikson proposed that personality development takes place all through the lifespan. Erikson suggested that how we interact with others is what affects our sense of self, or what he called the ego identity. Erikson proposed that we are motivated by a need to achieve competence in certain areas of our lives. According to psychosocial theory, we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood. At each stage there is a conflict, or task, that we need to resolve. Successful completion of each developmental task

results in a sense of competence and a healthy personality. Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy. Jean Piaget is another stage theorist who studied childhood development. Instead of approaching development from a psychoanalytical or psychosocial perspective, Piaget focused on children’s cognitive growth. He believed that thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are naturally inquisitive. However, he said that children do not think and reason like adults. His theory of cognitive development holds that our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages, which exemplifies the discontinuity approach to development. As we progress to a new stage, there is a distinct shift in how we think and reason. Piaget said that children develop schemata to help them understand the world. Schemata are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. By the time children have reached adulthood, they have created schemata for almost everything. When children learn current information, they adjust their schemata through two processes: assimilation and accommodation. First, they assimilate the latest information or experiences in terms of their current schemata: assimilation is when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know. Accommodation describes when they change their schemata based on added information. This process continues as children interact with their environment. Major similarities and differences in these theories consist of Freud being obsessed with sexuality when Erickson and Piaget were not. Erickson had a key development system that also includes crisis and conflict. Freud also had crises and conflicts in his theory. He also used iq, superego, and ego to make decision-making, rather than the other two theorists. Piaget was concerned with children like Erickson and Freud was in the phallic stage. Piaget was concerned about development like Erickson. However, Piaget was concerned about IQ levels and how they process information. Erickson does, however, point out that kids do learn at a certain level, but Piaget was not about learning. It was about development. Explain how these early theories were developed, and why there is concern related to race, gender, socioeconomic status, and other areas of diversity in how these theories were developed. These early theories were created to help with race issues when it comes to conflict and walking away. Gender does the same exact thing. Childhood in Erik Erikson’s conflict is the need to move from stage one to the next stage. Conflict or crisis instead or walking away.

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