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SELF 104

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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1. Depersonalization,  loss of an intimate sense of ownership of one's conscious experiences/a sense of unreality of the external world. “Research suggests that areas of the brain that are key to emotional and physical sensations, such as the amygdala and the insula , [interoceptive and exteroceptive] appear to be less responsive in chronic depersonalization sufferers. You might become less empathetic; your pain threshold might increase. These numbing effects mean that it’s commonly conceived as a defense mechanism ; Hunter calls it a “psychological trip switch” which can be triggered in times of stress.” 2. mineness, Depersonalization: Loss of mine-ness or “painful absence of feeling” - Sense of ownership, richness or familiarity of sensations is missing or impoverished. The sense of mental and bodily ownership. "I have a sense of myself as long as I have a sense of ownership for some of my mental states." 3. derealization, experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings when the subjects or the person say they do not feel that the world’s external to them is real, They don’t feel real to themselves – amygdala and insula goes though abnormal activities 4. amygdala, Amygdala activity: genes(polymorphism: S-allele ) predispose abnormal neuronal activity in specific stressful environments/situations = genetic-neural predisposition [ Amygdala- related emotions, can no longer be regulated that impede normal functioning of emotion- collaborated to over activity of AMYGDALA -hyperactive-- genetic predisposition] then hyperactive amygdala malfunction in may not fuction ideally in certain environment- STRESS the exact mechanism unknow Research suggests that areas of the brain that are key to emotional and physical sensations, such as the amygdala and the insula , [interoceptive and exteroceptive] - two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; a region specifically involved in processing emotions. Been associated with negative emotions. Hyperactive in depression. When it reacts abnormally, it may be a risk factor for depression. 5. insula, regions of cortex located at the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes. Gives rise to a "mental image of one's physical state" Provides the basis for subjective awareness of emotional feelings.  The right insula’s neural activity is low during depression, and normal in healthy subjects  A subjective feeling of “material me” or “bodily me” It interprets or re-represents interoceptive input from the spinal cord, through hypothalamus, and thalamo- cortical pathway to the right insula - A subjective feeling of “material me” or “bodily me” • It interprets or re-represents interoceptive input from the spinal cord, through hypothalamus, and thalamo-cortical pathway to the right insula Insula : seems to mediate the attentional balance between internal and external inputs - Receives (interoceptive) input from subcortical regions and the five senses: auditory, tactile, gustatory, somatosensory & olfactory

- mediates (as a subjective feeling) our bodily relation with our interoceptive and exteroceptive environments - Judy: the shift is to interoceptive input (brain-self relationship) and isolation from exteroceptive input Depression : In tone detection test: insular and auditory cortices showed lower activity 6. psychological trip switch, 7. ego trick, “Ego or identity disturbance”: alternative identity: the son of Albert Einstein “Theravadin Buddhist tradition, which are anicca , or impermanence ; dukkha , or dissatisfaction ; and anatta , or not-self . Shinzen Young, a Buddhist teacher working with the department of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, refers to depersonalization as “enlightenment’s evil twin.” 8. anicca, ( impermanence ) one of the Three Marks of Existence; the Buddhist doctrine that all existent things are constantly changing 9. dukkha, The first of the Four Noble Truths, the basic Buddhist insight that suffering is part of the human condition.-- dissatifaction 10. anatta, One of the Three Marks of Existence; the Buddhist doctrine denying a permanent self. – non- self 11. emotion, A subclass of perceptions that may have their origin in either the body or the soul. A class of feelings that must be distinguished from mere sensation and proprioception-- one's own, individual perception--by their experience. 12. emotional feeling,  The subjective experience and conscious awareness of emotions. It is the feeling you experience . • Emotional feelings are embodied : sensorimotor and behavioral output • James-Lange theory : feelings are perceptions of physiological changes in body - Anxiety: racing heart Depression: abnormal somatic perception of body and interoceptive input as pain and anxiety, while heart rate is normal. 13. the neural correlates of emotion, The neural activity in various subcortical regions of the brain has been associated with specifically (amygdala) negative emotions such as sadness- and that very same region has also been observed to be hyperactive in depression. Positive emotions such as happiness have been linked to other subcortical regions (the striatum) that are closely linked to reward 14. Darwin, Believed that motor behaviours such as facial expressions and posture convey an organism's response to events and to object in the environment. 15. James-Lange theory, Defined feelings as perceptions for physiological changes in the body, thus basing them on sensorimotor and vegetative functions

16. sensorimotor, Seems to be involved in constituting and expressing emotional feelings and emotions. 17. vegetative functions, bodily processes most directly concerned with maintenance of life. Feelings are perceptions of physiological changes in the body, based on 18. Damasio, Damasio : emotional feelings represent how the brain generates subjective feelings based on first-order representations. This tells us more about the brain than the brain’s relations to its immediate environment . feelings not directly related to body Believes the the brain is meta-represented and may be identified as a cognitive self. Considers emotion and feeling to be in close relation to the perception of bodily changes. The processing of the emotion in particular regions assigns the feeling of an emotion. Associates emotional feelings with the reprocessing or second-order processing of the bodily input. 19. first-order neural structures, Physiological bodily changes such as fluctuations in heart rate are reported to be registered in specific regions in the deeper parts of the sub cortex. The generation of an emotion, the "having an emotion" Includes the brainstem and midbrain regions, and the amygdala. unconscious ) Emotions : first-order neural representations in brainstem and midbrain (e.g., periaqueductal gray, tectum, amygdala ) of bodily inputs to brain 20. second-order neural structures, conscious emotional feelings ) second-order representations: cingulate gyrus, thalamic nuclei, somatosensory cortex, superior colliculi. The second-order representations assign conscious feelings or “feeling of emotion” For that subjective experience to occur, the neural activity in the subcortical regions, needs to be incorporated and reprocessed by other brain regions. Allow us to perceive what has been registered about the physiological somatic changes taking place in first-order neural structures. Includes the cingulate gyrus, thalamic nuclei, the somatosensory cortex, and the superior colliculi. 21. two-stage process of emotions, Damasio’s theory: two–stage processing A generation of an emotion, having an emotion, when processing the body's input in the brain. That input remains completely unconscious and is therefore not associated with an emotional feeling. In order for consciousness and thus a feeling to be assigned to the primarily unconscious emotion, the initial neural activity needs to be reprocessed in other regions. 22. Panksepp, Assumes that the neural activity in the first-order structures is already, by itself, associated with emotional feelings. "No such distinctions exists in the brain" Any input from body and world into brain directly leads to emotion feelings. Emotional feelings signify the world-brain relation such that we continuously experience the world and its relationship to our brain in our emotional feelings. First-order neuronal representations: enough to trigger emotional feelings - Somatic and environmental input linked to motor output Any neuronal representation based on sensory input from body and environment generates feelings feelings directly related to body and vegetative states • emotional feelings represent the relation between brain, body and world.

- Feelings are existential (e.g., pandemic) 23. primary subcortical regions, Any changes in body and environment induce neural activity changes in _____ that are related to emotional feelings. Thalamus, Amygdala, Striatum, Periaqueductal Gray, 24. dasein, Emotional feeling would be existential, as they signify our existence within the world. Emotional feelings are existential in that they always occur against the backdrop of the world, the being-in-the-world 25. Heidegger, Dasein: our being is existential in a given world Wrote about "Being-in-the-World" and "Dasein" or being there (presence). Pointed out that emotional feelings are a key to the world. Sketch a view of emotional feelings that is compatible with the neurophilosopical insights. • We are “beings in time” or our existence is temporal (Heidegger) • Our (healthy) brains(resting-state) mediate self-continuity and world-based time - The reverse spells pathology 26. Schachter and Singer, Arousal in context Argue that emotions are simply a class of feelings that must be distinguished from mere sensation and proprioception--one's own, individual perception--by their experience. Researchers who conducted an experiment that administered drugs to subject and analyzed their emotional feelings. (1962): epinephrine + actors (context) determine emotional state or emotions 27. arousal, Autonomic, or involuntary, bodily changes, unspecific reactions that do now allow distinguishing between discrete emotions. 28. Rolls and Ledoux, Argue that primarily the brain constructs an emotion, which is then taken up by cognitive functions. Assume a two-stage process with a distinction between emotion and emotional feeling, the latter building upon the former. Associate the second process with cognitive functions. 29. working memory, Abstract cognitive function. Crucial for consciousness. Involved in memorizing the series of numbers you want to enter into your cell phone and is related to particular regions in the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex. Remain more or less irrelevant to that identity. Cognitive: higher-order processing (in prefrontal and parietal lobes) lifts unconscious neuronal processing(e.g., amygdala) to consciousness via cognitive functions, such as working memory, language and attention 30. cognitive function, involves memory, thinking, reasoning, ability to understand, judgment, and behavior. Associated with emotional feelings.

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