Assignment 2-B(2) COMPLETED

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1 ASSIGNMENT 2-B. The neuron, action potential, and brain (110 points) Part I: Identify each part of the neuron diagram below, and briefly state what that part is responsible for. (5 points for each part/25 total) A B C (the long D (the E extension) covering) Name each part under the letters above AND briefly describe what it does. If you are unable to see the diagram above, please refer to the pdf version of this assignment . It is posted just under the Word document. You can use it to see the image of the neuron but still report you answers below. Label the five parts of the neuron below. Also, explain the function of each part. A – Dendrite- The dendrite is the input, it is where signals are received. B – Soma- The soma is the nucleus of the neurons. C – Axon- The axon transmits signals to the terminal buttons. D – Myelin Sheath- The myelin sheath coats and acts as a insulator for the axon. E – Terminal Buttons- The terminal buttons house the neurotransmitters.
2 Part II: Read chapter 3.2 and focus on the section Neural Communication . Also, please watch the following video on the action potential Neuron Resting Potential - YouTube . An action potential is what occurs when a neuron becomes active or “fires.” Our conscious experience results from billions of neurons interacting with each other through “action potentials” (and developing new neural connections. . .a process called” long term potentiation” that will be reviewed in a subsequent chapter). Think of it this way – the neuron (brain cell), negatively charged at rest, has potential to become active due its electrical gradient (positively charged on the inside of the cell with negatively charged molecules on the outside). AND – chemistry, in this case, the shifting change in charge as sodium floods into the cell, is the action potential and produces electricity! Thus, brain activity is both electrical and chemical in nature. Below, write a one to two paragraph summary of what happens during an action potential. Please include these terms at minimum: resting potential, threshold of excitation, role of Na+, what happens with sodium and potassium, repolarization. (10 points) An action potential is a predictable change in membrane potential that occurs due to the open and closing of voltage-gated ion channels on the cell membrane. When one neuron gets a signal from another neuron or sensory receptor, it hits its threshold of excitement. That's the minimum amount of stimulus needed to start an action potential. At this point, Na+ channels that respond to voltage open up and let Na+ ions enter the axon, causing depolarization. As Na+ ions flow through the axon, the membrane potential becomes more positive. This positive feedback loop triggers the opening of more Na+ channels, which leads to even more depolarization. Once the membrane potential reaches its highest value, K+ channels that respond to voltage open up, allowing K+ ions to leave the axon and causing repolarization. As K+ ions leave the axon, the membrane potential becomes more negative again. The K+ channels stay open for a short time after repolarization, resulting in hyperpolarization. During this phase, the membrane potential becomes even more negative than its usual resting value before returning to its normal state. (*Not required, but here is another great and highly recommended video on the action potential: Action Potential in the Neuron - YouTube ) PART III: Read chapter 3.4 and watch this tutorial video on parts of the brain: Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4 - YouTube
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