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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Psychology 240 Dr. Hussain Assignment 1 Section A 1. Question 3 - What recommendations would you give an elementary and middle age child to help him or her handle the everyday stress that he or she faces? There are several things that I would recommend to a child is that they can actively handle daily stress. The first recommendation I have is to be able to manage time effectively. Growing up there are so many activities you must juggle such as school, chores, homework, sports, musical instruments, etc. and it can get very stressful. Something that helped me is creating a schedule for the week of everything I need to complete or work on which helped lower my stress levels tremendously. Another recommendation that I must limit stress in the younger generation is to spend some time in your day to relax in a way suitable for themselves. For me it was listening to music and working out as it helped me remove all the stress and distractions from my head. Section B Chapter 1 1. Question 1 – Define stigma and discuss how it may influence how people with psychological disorders are perceived and treated. Stigma – mark of disgrace associated with a particular person. People with psychological disorders that are stigmatized are influenced in various ways. The main way that I believe they will be influenced is that they will feel a sense of isolation in a social setting where they feel like they do not belong due to their mental illness and will try to avoid others. Another influence that I have personally seen a lot in the modern world is companies might be less likely to offer a job to someone with a psychological disorder because employers view it as a sign of weakness and that they are not getting the most out of that person due to their illness.

2. Question 5 – Name three people who were important proponents of the idea of localization of function in the brain. Describe their contributions. Why was localization of function an important discovery of the history of psychology? Paul Broca – He examined a patient that could understand language but could not speak. After an autopsy was done on the patient, he noticed an abnormality in the left side of the frontal lobe where he determined that language is a left – hemispheric process and that any damage to the left side of the frontal lobe areas causes problems in judgement, ability to react to a situation, and ability to understand things in an abstract manner. This language production of the brain is called Broca’s area. Carl Wernicke – He studied patients who were unable to understand what they heard but somehow were able to speak fluent speech, although they used nonexistent words. Due to his work, we were able to understand that language was made up of different processes. The area of the brain he studied is now called Wernicke’s area. John Hughlings Jackson – Determined that different levels of the brain such as the stem, limbic system, and neocortex can interact with each other. He also found the process of dissolution which is the reversal of the normal process of evolution. Localization of function is an important discovery for the history of psychology for various reason one being that we were able to understand the specific areas of the body that were affected when a part of the brain was injured. It also plays a crucial role when it comes to diagnosing and treating patients that have mental illnesses as based on their symptoms being displayed we can understand what part of the brain is damaged helping treat and diagnose the patient. Chapter 2 1. Question 2 – Outline, in order, the six steps involved in passing information from one neuron to another. The first step is that a neuron needs to be created and stored. Then an action potential travels down the axon to the terminal. After the action potential reaches the terminal, a

neurotransmitter is released into the gap between the two neurons due to various processes. Then the neurotransmitter binds with specific proteins in the next neuron. When the neurotransmitter binds it can either increase (excitatory) or decrease (inhibitory) the possibility of the next neuron creating an action potential. Finally, the gap between the two neurons must be neutral at this point due to many number of mechanisms including making the neurotransmitter inactive, having the neurotransmitter taken up by the first neuron, and removing the neurotransmitter from the gap between the two neurons. 2. Question 6 - Name and describe three of the brain’s networks. For each network, describe a specific instance of a situation from the past day or two in which the network may have been especially active in your brain. Default Networ k – Active when an individual is not performing a particular task, such as when one’s mind wanders or is processing internal information. One example where I used my default network in the last couple of days is when I was reflecting on a conversation I had in the past with a friend where I was thinking to myself if I was rude or not. Central Executive Network – Involved in higher-order cognitive and attentional tasks. I used my central executive network a couple of days ago when I was calling Drexel Central and had to answer several questions, such as my date of birth and Drexel ID number and had to explain to the caller the problem I was having. Salience Network – is important for monitoring critical external events as well as internal states.

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