Maha Haroon CogLab Revised

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DIVING DEEP INTO OUR PROCESS 1 Diving Deep into our Processes: The Different Levels of Processing Maha Haroon Department of Psychology University of Illinois at Chicago

DIVING DEEP INTO OUR PROCESS 2 Abstract The present study experimentally investigates on the theory of The Level of Processing Model, presented by Craik & Lockhart. In their theory, it has been proven that individuals that process information in a deeper level can recall the information better, while processing information at a shallow level, they will not recall the information. For instance, if an individual is looking at the word, “Pencil”, they would be asked a question about how many vowels it contains, (which signifies the shallow processing), and if this item can be used to write, (which signifies the deep processing). In this case, when the individual is asked these questions, and asked to recall the item, the individual will remember the word “pencil” associated with the second question, since it would require them to think and apply the word into context. To prove their findings, seventeen undergraduate participants from University of Illinois at Chicago, all with accessible internet connection and a CogLab account, did a variety of tasks. Participants went through two phases of this experiment. In Phase I, participants were given three judgment tasks, that in line with the level of processing theory (semantic= deepest, rhyme= middle, letter= shallowest). In Phase II, participants were shown a variety of words, and asked to recall the words that were shown in Phase I. At the end of the experiment, it validates that participants were able to recall the words due to the deeper level of processing on that word, which authenticates the theory and the research of this experiment. Keywords : the level of processing model, shallow, deep, memory, recall

DIVING DEEP INTO OUR PROCESS 3 Diving Deep into our Processes: The Different Levels of Processing In the 1960s, the most common view of memory was that it consisted of a series of memory stores, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Beginning in the 1970s, a different perspective was developed that said that the type of processing might be more important than the hypothetical store that retained the information processing (Francis & Neath, 2015). Craik and Lockhart stressed different points in the development of their Levels of Processing framework. First, they said that memory was the result of a successive series of analyses, each at a deeper level than the previous one. A shallow level of processing could be focusing on how a word sounds; a deeper level of processing could be focusing on the meaning of a word. Second, Craik and Lockhart assumed that the deeper the level of processing, the more durable the resulting memory. Third, the levels of processing view assumes that rehearsal can be relatively unimportant (Francis & Neath, 2015). To support this framework, another experiment, by Hyde & Jenkins, explains the phenomenon of using a deeper level of processing. In their experiment, they found that semantic tasks yielded much greater recall and greater organization of recall than the non- semantic task (Hyde & Jenkins, 1973). In their experiment, five groups performed orienting tasks but were not reformed that they would have to recall the words, which will be known as incidental, and another five groups performed the tasks and were informed about subsequent recall, which will be known as, intentional. The two orienting tasks required, that subjects process the meaning of the word. One of the two tasks required syntactic processing, which is the order of arrangement of words and phrases that form proper sentences; the other task required the orthography process, which is writing the words with proper letters, according to the standard English usage

DIVING DEEP INTO OUR PROCESS 4 In the data reported, it supported the guiding hypothesis that tasks, which calls for the processing of semantic features of words, will make these features available during recall. The subject can use this information to organize his recall in a semantic fashion. In general, semantic tasks are conducive to high levels of recall and high degrees of organization. Such tasks include pleasant-unpleasant ratings, finding nouns for adjectives and adjectives for nouns, estimating frequency of usage of the words, and active-passive ratings (Hyde & Jenkins, 1973). Tasks which require processing of the graphic or acoustic form of the stimulus words result in poor recall and little associative structure. These tasks include letter checking, word length, rhyming, number of syllables, and voice of the speaker. With this data, their experiment validates Craik and Lockhart’s framework for the levels of processing, in which the deeper the processing in the semantic tasks, finding nouns for adjectives and adjectives for nouns, etc, the better the participants were able to recall the words. The purpose of Hyde & Jenkins, and the CogLab experiment is to show when an individual process an item in a deeper level, the more memorable that item will be. Method Participants In the CogLab experiment conducted, there was a total of 17 participants from University of Illinois at Chicago, which included: 11 Females, 5 males, and 1 unknown gender. Materials To successfully complete this experiment, the participants had a source of reliable internet, a reliable electronic device, such as a computer, or a tablet, and a CogLab account. The CogLab is an online interactive tool that gives access to many different psychological

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