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1. In addition to the duration of the disorder, what does the DSM-5 definition of schizophrenia take into account? In addition to the donation of the disorder, the definition of DSM-5 for schizophrenia is defined by the presence of 2 or more symptoms of delusion, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, impulsive reaction, etc. 13.2 2. What are the atypical antipsychotic drugs and why are they used? Atypical antipsychotic drugs are those drugs that have low affinity and occupancy for the dopaminergic receptors and atypical antipsychotic drugs are highly effective with serotonergic receptors 5-ht2a atypical antipsychotic drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. 13.7 3. How do retrograde and anterograde amnesia differ? Retrograde amnesia deals with the impaired ability to retrieve the memory of the previous incident. Anterograde amnesia is caused by serious brain injury which results in severe brain damage, this amnesia formed the inability to create new long-term memory. 14.1.3 4. What signs and symptoms can be used to distinguish depression from dementia? Memory loss: Memory loss is a common symptom of dementia, but it is not typically associated with depression. People with depression may have trouble remembering things that happened during their depressive episode, but they are usually able to recall events from before the episode. Mood changes: Both depression and dementia can cause changes in mood, but the nature of these changes can be different. People with depression may have feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness. They may also experience anxiety or irritability. On the other hand, people with dementia may have a flat affect, meaning they show little emotion or interest in activities they used to enjoy. Cognitive abilities: Dementia is characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities, such as problem-solving, reasoning, and decision-making. In contrast, people with depression may have difficulty with concentration and decision-making, but they typically do not have significant impairments in other cognitive abilities. Physical symptoms: People with depression may experience physical symptoms such as fatigue, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, and aches and pains. These symptoms are not typically associated with dementia. Onset: Depression usually has a sudden onset, while dementia tends to develop slowly over 4. 14.1 5. What are the requirements for making the diagnosis of intellectual disability? According to DSM-5, there are 3 criteria that are important for the diagnosis of intellectual disability. They are Deficits in intellectual functioning like reasoning, planning, abstract learning, and use of standard IQ tests. Deficit in meeting their expected social responsibility.Onset during children. 6. Describe the controversy around the issue of whether IQ tests are culture-fair. The purpose of the tests is to measure intelligence verbal, meaning written, or non-verbal, focusing on abstract reasoning independent of reading and writing skills. Some education institutes use IQ tests to help them recognize special children who may need some support. Research has shown that IQ test results are considered by looking at all socioeconomic statuses, academic achievement, and race. 15.2 7. What are the typical symptoms seen in ASD? Typical symptoms seen in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) include deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, sensory sensitivities, difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication, and challenges with social interactions and relationships. 15.5 8. Discuss if there is evidence to support the notion that genetic factors play a role in ADHD.

9. Discuss the current thinking regarding the "paradoxical effect" of psychostimulant medication on children with ADHD. 10. Since children are not as able as adults to describe symptoms of depression, discuss signs child clinical psychologists look for to determine if children of different ages are depressed. There are several symptoms that point to childhood depression. Childhood depression includes behaviors such as withdrawal, crying, avoidance of eye contact, physical complaints, poor appetite, and even aggressive behavior and in some cases suicide. Thus, a child psychologist must be on the lookout for these signs if he/she is trying to determine childhood depression. 16.1 11. What are some of the reasons that more boys are treated for psychological problems than are girls, but more women are treated in therapy than are men? Evidently, more boys are treated for psychological problems than girls. This may be because the behavioral tendencies in boys are more overtly expressed than in girls of similar age. Girls, moreover behave in an introverted manner and tend to be more thoughtful of the behavior that they may exhibit. This is what related to the societies' collective approach is towards gender discrimination, according to which ' girls should behave with maturity' or ' boys need to be aggressive to show their power' etc. These can be because of the stereotypes that exist in many Asian, European, African, or American cultures. 16.5 12. Discuss the primary stages of adult development and the major life-cycle transitions associated with moving from one stage to another. 13. Explain how cross-cultural considerations affect the idea of an adolescent identity crisis. The adolescent identity crisis is the failure to achieve ego identity during adolescence. The stage of psychosocial development in which an identity crisis may occur is called identity cohesion vs. role confusion. During this stage, adolescents are faced with physical growth, sexual maturity, and integrating ideas of themselves and about what others think of them. Adolescents tend to form a self-image and try to resolve the crisis of their basic ego identity. One's progress through previous developmental stages, centering on issues such as trust, autonomy, and initiative are factors that the individual depends on for a successful resolution. 17.1 14. Discuss the conditions that need to be met in order for an individual to be found " competent to stand trial." It requires that a defendant understands the nature and purpose of the legal proceedings against him and be able to effectively cooperate with counsel in his defense. Competence concerns the mental capacity of an individual to participate in legal proceedings or transactions and the mental condition a person must have to be responsible for his or her decisions or acts. An individual may or may not be competent to make a particular medical decision, a particular contractual agreement, to execute an effective deed to real property, or to execute a will having certain terms. To understand the proceedings, a defendant must be able to comprehend the charges against him and the penalties if convicted. 18.2 15. Discuss three rights mental patients have in the United States with regard to treatment and how they are sometimes contradictory. They must be treated with respect and dignity while having their privacy protected. Patients not be used and abused for the benefit of a professional's career path or for any monetary reasons. Real and authentic rapport to help the patient must be initiated by the professional and the keeping of intimate details that a patient releases must only be released with their consent for either research purposes, in court if necessary, or with other professional peers to discuss progress steps for successful treatments. They need to understand treatment options and alternatives. It is only fair that a person struggling with a mental illness disorder receives a good understanding of what their

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