Synthesizing Sources Assignment

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Barry, C. M. N., Christofferson, J. L., Boorman, E. P., & Nelson, L. J. (2020). Profiles of religiousness, spirituality, and psychological adjustment in emerging adults. Journal of Adult Development, 27(3), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-019-09334-z For many emerging adults, the process of identity development may include exploring completely new areas of their lives (e.g., career) but it might also include examining the beliefs in which they were raised. Indeed, their increased autonomy may serve as a catalyst to the process of re-evaluating, adjusting, and perhaps renouncing previously held beliefs. The replacement of old values and roles with new ones requires them to adjust psychologically (Côté 2000 ). Hence, conceptually, it seems that varying levels of R/S may be linked to identity development. Empirically, there is emerging evidence to support this notion. For instance, college students high in quest (i.e., viewing religion as a search for truth) but low in intrinsic and extrinsic religious motivation) reported the lowest religiousness and least identity commitment compared to other groups (Cook et al. 2014 ). Although these results point to the notion that religiousness may be linked to identity formation, it does not consider aspects of spirituality. However, it does point to the possibility that a unique profile of R/S and identity development (i.e., identity exploration and commitment) may appear in emerging adults, which was undertaken in the current study. Coyne, S. M., Stockdale, L., & Summers, K. (2019). Problematic cell phone use, depression, anxiety, and self-regulation: Evidence from a three-year longitudinal study from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Computers in Human Behavior, 96, 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.014 Emerging adulthood is a developmental period typically defined between 18 and 25 years old in post industrialized nations. The delay between the legal status of adulthood at 18 and the average age of first marriage and child birth in post industrialized nations has created a distinct developmental stage where emerging adults are legally adults, yet not fully adults in terms of marriage and financial independence (Arnett, 2000). Emerging adulthood is characterized by identity exploration, instability, self-focused, feeling in-between, and possibilities for the future (Arnett, 2004). The transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood has been shown to be an important transition in terms of trajectories related to risky behaviors including binge drinking (Chassin, Pitts, & Prost, 2002), tobacco, and marijuana use (Tucker, Ellickson, Orlando, & Martino, 2005). Adolescence is typically when children in the United States are given access to their first cell phones (Lenhart, 2009), yet the transition to emerging adulthood is typically when adolescents begin to be given more autonomy and independence from their parents in terms of how they spend their free time (Arnett, 2004) and limits and rules regarding media use decrease significantly (Coyne, Padilla-Walker, & Howard, 2013). Therefore, it is important to examine problematic cell phone use in this unique period during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Leonhardt, N. D., Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Astle, S., & Powner, J. (2020). ‘We want to be married on our own terms’: Non-university emerging adults’ marital beliefs and

differences between men and women. Journal of Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1747520 Emerging adults (18–29 year olds in a transitory period toward adulthood; Arnett, 2000) are choosing to postpone marriage until later in life (Swanson, 2015). A recent report showed that the average age of first marriage in the United States is now 27.4 years old for women, and 29.5 years old for men (Parker & Stepler, 2017). Additionally, those who end up entering marriage tend to be higher status and less likely to divorce, while those lower in status seem more likely to forego marriage altogether (Cohen, 2018; Pew Research Center, 2014). Despite some trends suggesting that a growing number of emerging adults will never marry, most individuals in the rising generation of the United States still report marriage as an important goal (Wilcox & Dew, 2010; Willoughby & James, 2017).

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