Exam 3 fac simile exam

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Converse College *

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exam 3 OLD 1. Victoria is good at rethinking challenging situations to reduce anger or anxiety. She is able to hide visible signs of sadness or fear and facts on reasons to feel happy or calm. Victoria has: a. good emotional regulation skills. 2. Tatsuki validates and accepts his children's emotions, whether they're positive or negative. Tatsuki sees his children's emotions as opportunities for building intimacy as well as opportunities for teaching. Tatsuki would is demonstrating which type of parenting? c. Emotion-Coaching 3. Olivia is just two weeks old when her mother notices that she is smiling. This is most likely a: b. Reflexive smile 4. Jose is 15-months old. He gets very upset when his mother leaves even though Jose is left in the care of his grandmother who he knows well. Jose is demonstrating: d. separation protest Separation protest is a normal developmental phase where young children, typically around the age of 8 to 15 months, become distressed when their primary caregiver leaves. 5. Madison is a cautious baby. She tends not to cry often, but she is not quick to smile either. However, when she is around familiar people she is quite content. What is Madison's temperament? c. Slow-to-Warm-Up. A slow-to-warm-up temperament is characterized by cautiousness, taking time to adapt to new situations or people, and being reserved initially. The child becomes more comfortable and content over time, especially with familiar people. 6. Corynn is playing in her yard when a dog comes running up. Corynn is unsure of how to respond, so she looks at her mother. When Corynn sees that her mother is smiling and relaxed, Corynn continues to play and does not get upset by the dog. Corynn engaged in:

d. social referencing. Social referencing is when an individual, in an uncertain situation, looks to someone else for guidance on how to react or behave. 7. Colleen is participating in the Strange Situation Task. Prior to separation, Colleen clings to her mother and does not explore the room. Colleen is upset when her mother leaves. When her mother returns, Colleen is mad at her and pulls away from her rather than allowing her mother to comfort her. Colleen's attachment would be characterized as c. Resistant They become upset when their caregiver leaves, but when the caregiver returns, they may resist contact or display mixed emotions, which can include anger and a reluctance to be comforted. 8. Kaylee is hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tends to distance herself from her partner. Kaylee's attachment style is: c. Avoidant. Individuals with an avoidant attachment style often display hesitancy about getting too involved in relationships and may distance themselves from their partners once they are in a relationship. They may have difficulty with intimacy and may prioritize independence. 9. Echo is very attracted to his romantic partner and they know each other well. They have spent a great deal of time talking and truly getting to know each other. However, Echo is clear that he is not looking for a long-term commitment at this point in his life. Sternberg would classify Echo's love as b. Romantic/Passionate. This is because Echo is very attracted to his romantic partner, and they have spent a great deal of time getting to know each other. 10. Which of the following emotions would appear the LATEST in development? b. pride 11. Which of the following emotions would be the FIRST to appear? b. fear

Fear is often one of the earliest emotions to appear in development. Basic emotions like joy, anger, sadness, and fear tend to emerge in the first few months of an infant's life. ######################## 12. The Harlow Monkey Study provided evidence AGAINST: a. the drive reduction model of attachment. The study conducted by Harry Harlow demonstrated that attachment is not solely based on the satisfaction of physiological needs (such as feeding, as suggested by the drive reduction model) but also on comfort and contact. 13. Emily responds differently to her mother than to strangers, but she does not get upset when her mother leaves. Emily laughs more when she is with her mom and she quiets more quickly after becoming upset. Which stage of attachment is Emily in? c. clear-cut attachment stage. In this stage, which typically occurs around 6 to 8 months of age, infants show a clear preference for their primary caregiver (in this case, Emily's mother). • Rebekah clings to her mother. When her mother leaves the room, Rebekah cries loudly, but when she returns to comfort her, she kicks and squirms. Mary Ainsworth would say Rebekah’s attachment is A. insecure resistant. 14. Now that Gretchen is in her 70s, which of the following is most likely FALSE? C. She experiences more negative emotions than she did when she was younger. As individuals age into their 70s, research suggests that they tend to experience fewer negative emotions and more emotional regulation. 15. Anna has just learned to recognize herself in the mirror. The best guess for her age is: c. 18 months

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The ability to recognize oneself in the mirror typically develops around 18 months of age. • Little Rachel does not cry when her mother leaves, but she definitely smiles more when her mother is there. What phase of attachment is Rachel in? B. Attachment in the Making 16. Tim's self-understanding includes the following things: My name is Tim. I have dark brown hair. I have a bike and I like to kick a ball really far. Tim is most likely: b. A preschooler (early childhood) Tim's self-understanding, including knowing his name, physical characteristics, and preferences, suggests a level of self-awareness and cognitive development that is most consistent with a preschooler (early childhood). 17. During which part of the life span is self-understanding most likely to include abstract and idealistic components ? a. Adolescence 18. At which of the following ages do most people have the highest level of self-esteem? c. 60-69 Self-esteem tends to follow a U-shaped trajectory across the lifespan. 19. Natalie majors in accounting because her parents made it very clear that was the only major they thought was acceptable. Natalie did not even attempt to investigate her own interests. She committed to the major in accounting without considering whether it aligned with her talents or interests. Which path to identity is Natalie on? c. Identity Foreclosure Identity foreclosure occurs when an individual commits to an identity (in this case, a major in accounting) without exploring alternatives or considering whether it aligns with their talents or interests. 20. There is strong empirical support for Levinson's theory about mid-life crises. b. False

Research on midlife crises, as proposed by Levinson, has shown mixed findings, and there isn't strong empirical support for a universal midlife crisis. 21. Matching - Big Five Personality Traits - Match your classmates' descriptions to the trait they are describing. 1. I am very trusting and empathetic, always trying to put other's needs before my own and also always trying to help someone. I tend to help people before I help myself whether it is with homework or other things in life. I mostly do good because it is what I should do. (AGREEABLENESS) 2.I never meet a stranger , I can talk to pretty much anybody, I love being around other people and doing things with a group of friends. (EXTRAVERSION) 3. I really like to organize and clean my room and desk. It makes me comfortable. Also, I prefer to finish my assignments at least a day before the due date. If I have to do assignments on the due date, I feel pressure and regret about not doing it earlier. ( CONSCIENTIOUSNESS) 4.I am very anxious and self-pitying. (NEUROTICISM) 5.I left my country and friends in Italy to try to pursue my basketball dream and play college basketball in a foreign country that speaks a different language than mine and where I didn't know anybody. I'm always willing to try new activities and experiences. I like the idea of making friends with people from different backgrounds and places, and learn from them. (OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE) 26. As a female, Ella is expected to dress feminine. These cultural expectations are called? b. gender roles. They are societal expectations and behaviors associated with being male or female in a particular culture. They often include expectations about appearance, behavior, and roles in society based on one's perceived gender .

 Brad really wanted a son, but he and his wife had a daughter. Research suggests that C. Brad will have a difficult time relating to his daughter at least until she is 25 years old • Rachel says that boys cannot be florists. Her belief is rigid – there can be no exceptions. Rachel is most likely B. a preschooler *********** 27. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of moral development, the superego is the moral branch based on two main things: d. Ego ideal and Conscience  What is the moral branch of the personality in psychoanalytic theory? A. superego  When children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world that are out of the control of people, they are displaying C. heteronomous morality.  Carter spills his orange juice while playing at the table. He refutes his punishment by insisting that the incident was an accident. Carter is displaying A. autonomous morality. 28. Gender expressions that includes a mixture of masculine and feminine characteristics can be described as: c. androgyny. An androgynous individual may display a combination of traits traditionally associated with both genders, challenging or transcending traditional gender norms and expectations .

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29. What she was younger, Kayley wanted being a cowboy. However, now that she as a teenager, she is experiencing a lot of pressure to behave in more typically feminine ways. It is clear that if Kayley wants to be popular, she will need to give up her more masculine habits. According to psychologists, Kaylee’s experience is consistent with: b. The gender intensification hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that during adolescence, individuals may feel increased pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles and expectations. 30. According to psychologists, males tend to engage in __report_____ talk with females are more likely to engage in __rapport____ a. report/rapport ########## 31. According to Pleck's role-strain view men experience stress: c. when they violate men's roles AND when they act in accord with men's roles 31. The complete cessation of a female's menstrual cycles, which usually occurs during the late forties or early 50s is: c. Menopause 31. Most teens endorse a romantic script with regard to sexual behavior. This means they think it is ok to have sex if you are: d. in love  According to Lawrence Walker's work on moral development, Mother Teresa would be considered a(n) D. moral exemplar.  John Dewey believed that a school's classroom rules and the moral orientation of the teachers and administrators create a moral atmosphere and, in turn, a B. hidden curriculum.  An approach to moral instruction that encourages students to define their own principles and recognize the standards of others is called D. values clarification.

 Melissa and Andrea went to Peru with their parents to help build a school for local villagers. They participated in . B. service learning is A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community. 34. Gracie feels as if she can tell her romantic partner anything. They talk for hours and know each other well. Gracie says that they can easily finish each other's sentences. Which aspect of Stemberg's theory is Gracie describing a. Intimacy $$$$$$$$ 35, Dr. Da Campo says that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior as well as through the rewards and punishments children experience for behaviors believed to be appropriate or inappropriate for their gender. Dr. Da Campo is an advocate for the a Social cognitive theory of gender The social cognitive theory of gender, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and reinforcement in the development of gender roles and identity. 36. The highest frequency of sex is seen during: c. young adulthood 37. Sex play, like the inspection of each other's genitals is normal in childhood. True. Sex play, including the exploration or inspection of each other's genitals, is considered a normal and common part of childhood sexual development. 38. Compared to other developed countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the U.S. is: b. higher

39. If Jayden is like most preschoolers, we would expect his gender stereotypes to be: a rigid 40. Which curable STI is typically asymptomatic in females at first, but can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease if left untreated? d. chlamydia 41. Which of the following STIs is incurable? c. Genital warts Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and while there are treatments to manage symptoms, the infection itself is not curable . 42. A person who is sexually attracted to both males and females would be labeled: b. bisexual $$$$$$$$$ 43. When Haley is asked why she should not hit her brother, she responds, "Because Mommy will yell at me if I do” Haley’s level of moral development fits with which of Kohlberg's stages? a Preconventional Morality  Abby slows down when she sees a police car on the road, because she doesn't want to get a speeding ticket. What stage of Kohlberg's morality does this demonstrate? C. preconventional 44. Takumi, was very upset when Caroline stole some candy, but did not care when Caroline put her elbows on the dinner table when she was told not to. What is the most likely explanation for his different reactions? a. Stealing violates a moral rule and putting elbows on the dinner table violates a social convention.

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45.Which of the following points reflects heteronomous morality according to Piaget? D. If a rule is broken, punishment will follow (immanent justice) Heteronomous morality, according to Piaget, is characterized by the belief that rules are handed down by authorities and are unchangeable. %%%%%%%%%%%%% 46. Maria has developed her own set of moral guidelines that may or may not fit into the law. Things like human rights, justice, and equality are important to her even if she has to go against society and face consequences. Maria's level of moral development fits with which of Kohlberg's stages? d. Postconventional Morality Postconventional morality involves developing an internal set of moral principles that may go beyond societal norms and laws. Individuals at this stage may prioritize abstract principles such as human rights, justice, and equality, even if it means going against societal expectations and facing consequences. Kohlberg proposed a three-level, six-stage theory of moral development. Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange Level 2: Conventional Morality Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order Level 3: Post-conventional Morality Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights Stage 6: Universal Principles Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory:  #### What main method did Kohlberg use to evaluate moral reasoning? B. interviews about moral dilemma stories  $$$$$$ Hector became a police officer because he believes that members of society prosper from understanding social order, law, justice, and duty. On what moral level does he reason? B. conventional

47. Ean doesn't really want to get up early and volunteer at the local shelter. However, he does it anyway because he knows that afterward he will feel proud of himself for doing the right thing. According to Freud, this feeling comes from his c. Superego The superego represents the internalized moral standards and values acquired from societal and parental influences. It encourages individuals to behave in a morally and socially acceptable manner. #################### 48. Madison tries to help her daughter, Victoria, behave by diverting her or distracting her from an opportunity to misbehave. If Madison notices that Victoria is frustrated because a friend has a toy she really wants, she offers Victoria a different toy to play with in an attempt to prevent Victoria from acting aggressively toward her peer. Which aspect of parent/child relationships is Madison engaging in to shape Victoria's behavior? b. proactive strategies. Proactive strategies involve taking preventive measures to shape and guide a child's behavior.  43. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the foundation of moral behavior? A. guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty 49. Compared to 1970, the values of college students in 2017 a. are much more focused on being very well-off financially 50. In making moral decisions, Tatsuki focuses on the rights of the individual while Elsa Focuses more on the connections between people and emphasizes relationships. Tatsuki has a ______ perspective, while Elsa has a _____ perspective. Tatsuki has a d. justice perspective , while Elsa has a c. care perspective . Tatsuki, who focuses on the rights of the individual, aligns with a justice perspective. Elsa, who emphasizes relationships and connections between people, aligns with a care perspective.

51. Matching - Match the term to the definition. A. Religion B. Religiousness C. Spirituality 1. ___Religiousness (B)___The degree of affiliation with an organized religion, participation in its prescribed rituals. and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers. 2. __Spirituality_(C)___Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society. 3. _Religion_(A)____An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or higher truth). 52. Matching - Match the definition to the term. A. Hidden curriculum B. Character education C. Service learning D. Altruism 1. __Character education____A direct moral education program in which students are taught moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior. 2. _Altruism____An unselfish interest and voluntary effort in helping another person.

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3. __Service Learning___A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community. 4. __Hidden curriculum___The pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school. 58 . Identify the Following Facial Expressions 59. According to Erikson, what psychological crisis are people grappling with during Generativity v. Stagnation? With the term Generativity , Erikson mean feeling productive, giving back to society, and making a positive impact on others. It's a sense of contributing to the world. Meanwhile, with Stagnation he means the opposite. It is where individuals feel unproductive, self- centered, and disconnected from society. This stage typically occurs during middle adulthood, roughly from ages 40 to 65. Individuals either find ways to contribute to their community (generativity) or they might feel like they're not making a meaningful (stagnation).

60. List someone you think is a moral exemplar. Give one reason why they would qualify as an exemplar. Nelson Mandela is considered a moral exemplar because, despite being imprisoned for a long time due to his fight against apartheid, he chose forgiveness and reconciliation over revenge when he became the leader of South Africa. His commitment to equality and justice makes him a moral role model. 61 . List two things an adult might include in their self-description that we would NOT expect to see earlier in the life-span. 1. Professional Achievements : Adults may highlight their career accomplishments, professional skills, and expertise, which are likely to develop and become more prominent in the later stages of their working life. 2. Life Experiences and Wisdom: Adults may emphasize the wisdom gained through a variety of life experiences, lessons learned from challenges , and a deeper understanding of themselves and others 62. List one way that males and females differ with regard to their cognitive abilities In terms of cognitive abilities, males are generally better at physicals tasks like reading maps and dealing with 3D objects. 63. Match the Term with Its Definition 1. __Empathy (B)___ Relating to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings. 2. _Emotion (A)____ Feeling. or affect. that occurs when a person is engaged in an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being. 3. _Self-Esteem_(D)_The global evaluative dimension of the self 4. _Social Referencing____Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.

5. __Self-Understanding__The individual's cognitive representation of the self, the substance of self-conceptions. All of the things a person believes to be true of themselves.

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Exam 3 fac simile exam

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