PSY 425 CH 12

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425

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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PSY 495 - taught by Gunawan, book not required Ch. 12: Cognitive Control Pt. 1 (11/21/22) What is cognitive control? What is another name for it? - Controlling/selecting actions/thoughts using knowledge & goals; AKA executive function What is goal-oriented behavior? - Purposeful actions influenced by cognitive control, flexible to handle change What 4 things is the frontal lobe known for? - Movements, planning, decision-making, and multitasking What is the prefrontal cortex and is it important for? - Area in front of primary & secondary motor cortices; important for cognitive control What are some characteristics of the prefrontal cortex? - Contains more white matter and matures later than other parts of the brain What are the four regions of the prefrontal frontal cortex addressed in the chapter? - Lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, orbitofrontal cortex, & medial frontal cortex What are the two prefrontal systems (i.e., what are the functions of these two systems)? - First system (LPFC, FP, OFC) - working memory, planning, predicting consequences, & changing behavior - Second system (MFC) - guides/monitors behavior What 2 things happen when there is a lesion to the prefrontal cortex? - Perseveration - loss if inhibitory control/goal-oriented behavior; impulsiveness - Utilization behavior - typical response dependency; cue-driven behavior w/o purpose When examining cognitive control, what are the two fundamental types of actions involved? - Goal-oriented action - doing something for an expected reward - Habit - no reward, rather it is stimulus driven automatically What memory system is required for cognitive control to occur? Where does this memory system exist in the brain? - Working memory (maintaining info to manipulate it) exists in the prefrontal cortex In examining the organization of the prefrontal cortex, what are the three separate axes and what do the two poles represent? - Ventral-dorsal gradient - maintenance/manipulation of what (ventral) and how (dorsal) - Anterior-posterior gradient - abstract (anterior) vs not abstract (posterior) imagery - Lateral-medial gradient - environmental info (lateral) vs. personal/emotional info (medial)

Ch. 12: Cognitive Control Pt. 2 (11/28/22) What are the two theories of decision-making? - Normative decision theories - how people ought to make optimal decisions (saving) - Descriptive decision theories - what people actually do, not should do (spending) In decision making, what is value? - Our subjective assessment of the overall worth of our choices What are some components that contribute to the representation of value? Where do these components activate in the frontal lobe? - Payoff - largeness of the reward that options offer - Anterior cingulate cortex & orbitofrontal cortex - Probability - likelihood of reaching reward - Anterior cingulate cortex & lateral prefrontal cortex - Effort/cost - willingness to wait for reward - Only anterior cingulate cortex (in medial frontal cortex) - Temporal discounting - immediate outcomes valued more than delayed outcomes What is the role of dopamine (DA)? Where are these neurotransmitters released in the brain? - Associated with reward processing; released around midbrain When does DA get released in terms of reward processing? - When expecting a reward, not because of the reward itself or size What is reward prediction error (RPE)? - Doing something based on likelihood of reward compared to what is predicted What happens during positive and negative RPE? What type of research is this RPE based off? - Positive RPE - obtained reward is higher than expected, increasing dopamine - Negative RPE - obtained reward is lower than expected, decreasing dopamine What is the habenula? How does it play a role in the release of DA? - Within the dorsal thalamus, inhibits DA release during punishment In goal planning, what is the prefrontal cortex in charge of? - Dynamic filtering - working memory focuses attention on goal and not on unrelated info Are we able to multitask? How do we multitask? - No, we switch tasks quickly, but not doing it at the same time How can action video games improve cognitive control in older adults? - Videogames may help older adults filter irrelevant info and multitasking What parts of the frontal lobe are involved in task monitoring? What does this supervisory attentional system guide or monitor? - Medial frontal cortex & anterior cingulate cortex - Planning/decision-making - Responding to new situations - Dealing with required responses from competing habitual responses - Correcting errors - Handling difficult tasks

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