Research Paper Annotated Bibliography_AngelaElderwk3

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RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Research Paper: Annotated Bibliography Angela Elder School of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University Author Note Angela Elder I have no known conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Angela Elder Email: ajelder1@liberty.edu

RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 Research Paper: Annotated Bibliography Adelson, W. J. (2009). Child prostitute or victim of trafficking? Social Science Research Network . https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1078503 This study aims to explore the delicate balance that federal laws need to strike between criminalizing child prostitution and providing protected treatment to children involved in it. It addresses the inconsistent treatment of commercially sexually exploited children who are recognized as trafficking victims under federal law but are prosecuted as offenders under state criminal law. Currently, state legislation treats child prostitution as a criminal offense; however, what is needed more is the allocation of anti-trafficking resources to help rehabilitate and provide care for child prostitutes. There is an inconsistency in laws regarding sexual exploitation of children. The laws around prostitution often punish the victims more harshly than the traffickers; even though TVPA protects children in prostitution, the states and federal have it reversed in prostitution and punish the children. State legislation needs to reflect and put forth victim-oriented laws to stop trafficking and put in place anti-prostitution/trafficking statutes and more supportive programs for youth survivors. Ahrens, K. R., Katon, W., McCarty, C. A., Richardson, L. P., & Courtney, M. E. (2012b). Association between childhood sexual abuse and transactional sex in youth aging out of foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect , 36 (1), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.009 This article addresses the sexual abuse and transactional sex that foster care youth are experiencing in the system. Transactional sex is the trading of sex for money or drugs.

RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 The CSA variable they used was self-reports of sexual molestation and rape from ages 17 to 19 years. They also used multiple logistic regression analyses to compare the CSA variable with the correlation to the transactional sex variables. The results show high numbers of 27% of the participants have reported sexual molestation and 18% history of rape when in foster care; most reporting was female. Foster care children have a history of being more prone to sexual abuse and are 2-4 times more likely to be involved with transactional sex compared to the general population of peers. With these results, they can see that with the history of rape was increasing the odds of youth involved in transactional sex in the foster system. The health risks are high in these youth, including the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, injuries physical or sexual as they are being victims. It also does a significant number on their mental health, leading to depression, substance abuse, or suicidality. When exposed, feelings of betrayal and powerlessness play a role in their development and have a permanent impact. There needs to be an understanding of the risk factors in youth. Transactional sex can lead to adverse health consequences, including STDs, victimization, and mental health disorders. Childhood sexual abuse can contribute to this behavior in male and female survivors. To prevent this, there needs to be more effective screening and prevention strategies within healthcare providers. There also is a need for more involvement in the young women’s and make more support groups accessible to them. Barnert, E. S., Abrams, S., Azzi, V. F., Ryan, G. W., Brook, R. H., & Chung, P. J. (2016). Identifying best practices for “Safe Harbor” legislation to protect child sex trafficking

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RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 victims: Decriminalization alone is not sufficient. Child Abuse & Neglect , 51 , 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.002 Safe harbor is defined in meaningful ways; what the law is supposed to do is redirect youth victims of exploitation and sex trafficking from the criminal justice system into the child welfare system. This study uses 32 interviews with safe harbor laws from the nine states in which it is enacted; each state takes one out of three approaches to protect youth, decriminalization-only, diversion-only or decriminalization-plus-diversion legally. Safe Harbor laws can improve the health of vulnerable youth; however, they may have unintended consequences. Although some comparative analyses exist, no comprehensive studies of Safe Harbor laws implementation have been conducted. This study is aimed to guide lawmakers and responders to child victims of commercial sexual exploitation on the development and implementation of Safe Harbor laws. It is to help vulnerable children seen as in need of specialized services rather than as criminals, signifying a paradigm shift in the approach to juvenile justice reform. The success of Safe Harbor laws will depend on sufficient funding for diversion programs and the use of creative approaches to obtain funding. Fong, R., & Cardoso, J. B. (2010). Child human trafficking victims: Challenges for the child welfare system. Evaluation and Program Planning , 33 (3), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.06.018 This study was done after the passing of the Victims of Trafficking and the Violence Protection Act in 2008. It shows that these services are more directed at adults and overlook children. Researchers are aware that there has been a rise in the sexual exploitation and trafficking of children, and there are not enough programs to help and

RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 support them. This article is an overview that examines commercial sexual exploitation in children; the differentiates needs and problems between child prostitution and human trafficking victims, the current treatment practices, and the summary of the challenges and successes of working with child victims of trafficking to offer more recommendations. International human trafficking, given by the United Nations Children's Fund(UNICEF), says that an estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked around the world. Sexual abuse international is an estimated 25% of children around the world have been involved in some form of abuse, physical, sexual, or domestic violence; however, the rate of sexual abuse is much greater in the US, with several studies for 30-40% of females and 13% males. Domestic human trafficking is referred to as runaways, homeless, children in or leaving foster care, and children who are kidnapped in the United States are more at risk of forced trafficking and prostitution. Child abuse in the welfare system has certain restrictions and falls under the jurisdiction of the public welfare system; for CPS to be involved, the perpetrator has to be the caregiver of the custody of the child. Sexual abuse starts at age 4-7, with 8.2% of children experiencing abuse, and then at ages 12-15 at 16.5%, according to the US Department of Health and Human Services. For them to get services to help victims, they have to be classified as victims; when they are, there are a few shelters and treatment programs to help aid; however, most do not provide services to help the youth that have been sexually exploited in the US. Most of the US victims are children who do not have a parental unit, end up in the foster care system, and are labeled

RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 as refugees; with this, they can be a part of the URM (unaccompanied Refugee Minors) and be edible for a wide range of benefits; however, they are limit to only a few cities. There needs to be more awareness of how much sexual abuse, including prostitution and trafficking, is among the children in the welfare system. These youth are experiencing more significant trauma and need the services provided to help them be aware and have support. The welfare system needs to work better at connecting and working with the court system, juvenile detention facilities, emergency shelters, and school social workers. The agencies need to work at finding partners to build treatment programs for youth specifically dealing with commercial exploitation. Leve, L. D., Harold, G. T., Chamberlain, P., Landsverk, J., Fisher, P. A., & Vostanis, P. (2012). Practitioner Review: Children in foster care - vulnerabilities and evidence-based interventions that promote resilience processes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53 (12), 1197–1211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02594.x There has been an increasing number of children placed in foster care due to forms of abuse, physical, emotional, sexual, or psychological. While in foster care, there has also been an increased risk of negative outcomes in the emotional, behavioral, neurobiological, and social realms. The finding of this study shows the lag of the system delivery interventions for mental health and education. Without more resources put in place, there are going to continue poor outcomes. There are 1 million cases of neglect and abuse in the United States and 50% of them are referred to living in out-of-home care, according to the US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on children, youth, and families. This study goes into how being placed in foster care is a

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RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 placement disruption that affects the development through the stage of life from emotional to the brain to exposure. The link to child welfare workers is to know what treatments are going to be the best options and make them available in the community . However, intervention programs can significantly improve outcomes for these children. Recent research has led to evidence-based interventions, but more research is needed. Service guidelines are essential to ensure consistency in foster care and welfare systems. When foster families receive the proper support, it can lead to positive outcomes for foster children. Lillie, M. R. (n.d.). An unholy alliance: the connection between foster care and human trafficking . DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/humtrafcon5/4/ Youth facing neglect and parental substance use are targets for trafficking, yet there is not much research to show the connection of neglect and abuse that is currently in foster care with trafficking. 25% actively recruit girls in foster care specifically for trafficking, and most other victims have been in foster care at some point in their lives, showing that 98% of youth that identify as survivors have involvement with the welfare systems. Each year in the United States, 300.000-400,000 children are exploited, and at least 800.000 runaways are lured into CSE. There are four paths a foster youth can recruit into CSE (commercial sexual exploitation), past sexual abuse—neglect/abandonment, runaways/throwaways, or aging out youth/homeless. Communication in the foster care system also prepares young people for training on how to handle cases of Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE), as they are often moved without warning or notice. In addition to

RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 8 being left with no explanation, some even have to leave their belongings behind. Traffickers also come in different shapes and sizes; 24% are also previous foster care youth, 48% are runaways leaving home from physical or sexual assault, 100% of interviewed traffic have experienced violence of some sort in their home or foster care and 80% of their sexual abuse came from their childhood or from a family member, foster parent or close family friend. They use different techniques to lure in, such as the boyfriend technique, gorilla technique, and peer recruiting. Sex trafficking also brings in a lot of money. For example, for four girls, it is $2,496,000 a year. Increasing awareness and skills among providers and youth is crucial for effective prevention and intervention programs. McDonald, K. P., Fisher, R., & Connolly, J. (2023). Building a specialized model of care for youth involved in sex trafficking in child welfare: A systematic review and interviews with experts-by-experience. Child Abuse & Neglect , p. 135 , 105987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105987 This study goes into the global issue of youth sex trafficking involved in the welfare system and the limited counter programs to help. The International Labour Organization estimates that about 4.5 million individuals are exploited, and almost 1 million of those are children. They used a systematic review, including programs and interventions for the youth in child welfare who have been involved in sex trafficking, and interviews with experts. The recruitment of foster care differs from the youth having limited family support/parental supervision; they use their history of abuse, trauma, and aging out,

RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 leading to homelessness, which the gap for traffickers to use the system for their recruitment directly. The welfare system needs to be more active in enhancing the wraparound support and training for service providers and caregivers. As well as the need for more risk assessments on all children in care. Wraparound support is going to include substance abuse treatment, behavioral interventions, trauma therapy, group psychoeducational therapy, residential programs, intensive case management models, more focus on health, and some directing points to help youth of sex trafficking. O’Brien, J. E., White, K. R., & Rizo, C. F. (2017). Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Among Child Welfare–Involved Youth: An Exploratory Study of Correlates. Child Maltreatment , 22 (3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559517709995 The study was done with 814 children, 38 of whom were reported as DMST victimization; they used the National Survey of Child and Adolescent well-being. The study was to show the relationship between demographic factors, minor sex trafficking, and the psychosocial effects on youth in the child welfare system that had paid for in the last six months when this study was given. Several studies have shown that youth sex trafficking is the most hidden form of child sexual abuse and its connection to the welfare system. This study shows more awareness of DMST in the welfare system, as there is not enough knowledge and programs to help youth be aware and have support. Most victims of DMST are scared to have the motivation to come forward and be identified as they are usually runaways or now suffer from addiction abuse(.

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RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 10 When looking at reports on survivors, most of them are recruited and exploited by a family member, a friend, or a stranger who is posing as their boyfriend, and most victims do have a history of physical and sexual abuse from within their home. There are even reports that drug-addicted parents sell children for trade. As most of the victims are children who are still developing, there are severe consequences on their physical growth, with sexual/physical injuries, poor nutrition, infectious diseases, and a toll on their mental health. DMST survivors frequently end up in the child welfare system because of illegal activities and a lack of supervision. Child welfare systems require people who work with children to report any suspicion of maltreatment. Child welfare involvement can help identify DMST victims, but their specific needs are not being met. Effective treatments for trafficking victims are still in development. Without effective treatment, DMST victims may return to traffickers and engage in risky behaviors such as prostitution as adults. This study found that children who experienced DMST victimization showed externalizing behaviors, substance abuse problems, and runaway behavior compared to non-exploited peers. This research makes a contribution to the limited knowledge base about DMST among child welfare-involved youth. The findings highlight the importance of survivor needs for identification and service provision. Homeless youth, runaways, and those involved in foster care are at a higher risk of being sexually exploited. Males and females are equally likely to be engaged in DMST. Legislation is essential to protect children from DMST and ensure efficient survivor identification and treatment. There needs to be more of a positive relationship between

RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 the out-of-home placements and DMST. A national and comprehensive data collection system specific to human trafficking is necessary. Reid, J. A. (2018). 14. System Failure! Is the Department of Children and Families Facilitating Sex Trafficking of Foster Girls? In Columbia University Press eBooks (pp. 296–315). https://doi.org/10.7312/nich18092-015 This directly talks about the girls being effective and how they are more vulnerable to exploitation in sex trafficking. There is a rise for more protection and intervention by law enforcement or service providers. There is immense potential for lifelong trauma including psychological and health consequences, making comprehensive protection crucial for vulnerable girls in the foster care system. This chapter aims to raise awareness about the link between girls in the foster system and the welfare system to implement effective prevention strategies. The welfare system has limitations that need to be addressed to prevent the recruitment of youth and strengthen protection for children in state care against exploitation. Tueller, S., Gibbs, D., & Kluckman, M. (2021). Estimating unidentified sex trafficking in the child welfare population. Journal of Human Trafficking , 9 (2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1870093 This study looks at youth sex trafficking and a human rights issue and the concern it has on its victim impact long term. The focus is on the association and connection of the youth in foster placement and youth of maltreatment. The statistics they use are from 2011 and 2016, showing that 3,420 youth were investigated for sex trafficking and

RESEARCH PAPER: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 12 296,167 were investigated for maltreatment. They are showing that 3.3% of this population is victims of trafficking. Their findings show that the rate is higher than observed for trafficking between 2.9 and 14.9 times. Their purpose is to show that more methods are required to help improve the identification of trafficking in the system where the victims are more likely to be encountered. Human trafficking comes in different forms, such as labor trafficking, recruitment harboring, transportation, provision, labor services, force, fraud, coercion, slavery, and sex trafficking.

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