Experimental Psych Study Guides

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Missouri State University, Springfield *

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302

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Psychology

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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1 Contents Unit 2 Exam Study Guide – Page 2 Unit 3 Exam Study Guide – Page 11 Unit 4 Exam Study Guide – Page 20 Unit 5 Exam Study Guide – Page 24 Unit 6 Exam Study Guide – Page 29 Final Exam Study Guide – Page 33

2 Unit 2 Exam Study Guide 1. Distinguish between scholarly and non-scholarly sources of information. a. Scholarly sources i. The key to understanding what makes a scholarly source is a combination of factors: the authors, the review process, and the scientific evidence. ii. Author 1. Scholarly sources of information are authored by scholars, individuals with an advanced degree who have rigorous training in research methodology and a particular specialty area. 2. A scholar is a highly trained individual who has designed studies, collected, and analyzed data, and shared the results through presentations and publications about a specific research topic. iii. The Review Process 1. Scholarly works are reviewed by experts in the same field to ensure accuracy and reliability. The highest standard of review occurs in peer-reviewed journals, which use external experts (i.e., experts who were not involved in the writing of the particular article) to review and approve an article before it is published. iv. The Scientific Evidence 1. Depending on the type of scholarly work, the authors may describe the research methodology and findings of a specific scientific study that they conducted, or they may describe the current research literature related to the topic, or both. b. Non-Scholarly i. Non-scholar authors. Although some scholars produce non- scholarly work, most of this work is created by individuals who are not considered scholars. ii. Lack of expert review. Non-scholarly sources are not reviewed by other experts in the field. These sources may go through an editorial review to ensure they are well written, but not an expert review to verify adequate and accurate coverage of a topic and to minimize potential biases. iii. Little or no scientific evidence. Non-scholarly sources do not reflect a thorough discussion of the topic based on substantial evidence from multiple cited scholarly sources. Thus, although they might be short and easy to read, magazine and news articles, blog posts, interviews and books written for a general audience lack the evidence needed for you to be confident in the author's conclusions. Unlike scholarly sources, non-scholarly sources rarely include references.

3 2. Distinguish between primary and secondary sources and the different types of journal articles. a. Primary source i. In psychological science, empirical articles are considered primary sources because they are the original (first) source of information regarding a specific study, written by the same researchers who conducted the study. b. Secondary source i. Review articles are considered secondary sources because they do not include new research evidence, but rather discuss evidence that has already been published elsewhere. c. Journal articles i. A narrative review describes the research that has been published on a topic, the strengths and weaknesses of the research conducted thus far, and future directions for research on that topic. ii. A meta-analysis summarizes a body of research on a topic by mathematically combining the results of previously published studies. Like narrative reviews, meta-analyses provide an organized summary of published research findings. The difference is that meta- analyses provide statistical results to summarize the articles included in the review. iii. A theoretical article describes a theory or model, the accumulation of evidence that supports that theory or model, and parts of the theory or model for which there is insufficient evidence. 3. Understand where to find key information in a research article. Specifically, list in order the major sections that all empirical research articles must include, and the information provided in each section. a. Research articles all follow the same structure: i. The abstract provides a brief summary of the article. ii. The introduction explains the rationale for the study and includes the study hypothesis or research question. iii. The method section describes how the authors conducted the study. This section will include a description of the participants, the manipulated variables, the measured variables, and the procedures for the study. iv. The results section presents the findings from the study. v. The discussion section puts the study in the context of what is already known from previous research, explains the study’s contributions to the field and its implications, and points out its limitations as well as possible directions for future research. vi. The reference list provides the information needed to locate the original sources, which typically includes the author names, year of publication, article title, journal name, journal volume, and page numbers. 4. What is a literature review and what is its purpose?

4 a. The process of locating, reading, and critically synthesizing what is already known about a topic is known as a literature review. b. The purpose of a literature review is to collect relevant, timely research on your chosen topic, and synthesize it into a cohesive summary of existing knowledge in the field. This then prepares you for making your own argument on that topic, or for conducting your own original research. 5. What subsections does the method section typically have? a. Participants, Materials, Apparatus, Design, Procedures, and Analysis. 6. What are some of the guidelines suggested by the APA for authors to avoid biased language? a. Write in a Formal Tone i. The tone of a scholarly source should be formal rather than informal. ii. Part of the formal tone in APA style includes using objective and scholarly language. iii. Objective wording lends itself to more concise and clear language, which will make your writing easier to understand. b. Use Concise, Engaging Wording i. A misconception of research papers is that they must be dull and boring to be scientific. On the contrary, you should strive to use clear, engaging wording. This can not only make a research paper easier to write, since it can reflect how you would tell a story about the research; it can also make a research paper more interesting to read. c. Write in an Active Voice i. The active voice is preferred over the passive voice. Consistent with the clear, engaging, wording described above, the active voice describes in clear terms who is doing what actions. In contrast, in the passive voice, the object of the action is listed first, followed by the action. In contrast, in the passive voice, the object of the action is listed first, followed by the action and then by the individual or party that completed the action. ii. Using the active voice generally creates shorter, more concise sentences that are easier to understand than sentences written in the passive voice. d. Use the Correct Verb Tense i. The correct verb tense varies depending on which part of the research process you are reporting. ii. You should also use past tense in your literature review when describing the work of others. Even though multiple tenses are used to report research, you should keep tense consistent within each paragraph. Keeping all of these global guidelines in mind can help you express your research to others clearly and concisely. 7. Identify common grammar errors in sentences. a. Using a passive voice b. Writing in an extremely personal way

5 c. Anthropomorphize d. How to use the word data i. Singular e. Incorrect words with temporal meanings f. Understanding affect or effect 8. What are two ways to cite and format a source in the text of an APA style paper? a. In-text citations i. A narrative citation is used when you introduce the author(s) within your writing; if the year is not also mentioned in the text, it should follow the author’s name(s) in parentheses. Usually only the author's last name is used. ii. Parenthetical citations are used when you have described, or directly quoted, information from an outside source. These citations consist of the author's last name(s) followed by the year of publication, with both items placed within parentheses: (i.e., Author, Year). iii. Two authors: 1. Insert an ampersand (&) between the authors' last names: (i.e., Author & Author, Year). iv. Three or more authors: 1. Include the first author's last name followed by "et al." and the year: (i.e., Author et al., Year). v. If multiple citations have the same first author and year then include as many co-authors, in order, as necessary to distinguish between the citations: (i.e., Author, Author, et al., Year). vi. A source with no authors: 1. List the title followed by the year of publication (i.e., Title, year or date). b. References i. In APA style, a reference list has characteristic features: 1. Each entry begins with the author’s name(s) (Last, First Initial), followed by the date. In cases of no author, the title is placed at the beginning of the reference entry; this title should match the in-text citation. In cases of no date, “n.d.” is used. 2. The reference list is organized alphabetically by the first author’s last name. 3. The list is formatted with a hanging indent, in which each line of a reference entry after the first line is indented one half inch from left margin. 9. When is it appropriate to use a direct quotation? What information must be provided in the citation for a direct quote? a. Specific definitions and profound statements are some of the only times you should appropriately use direct quotations. b. Use quotation marks around any exact sentences or phrases that came from one of your sources and are not your own words. This technique gives proper credit to the original author. After you insert quotation marks around

6 the text, you should also include the page number(s) where the information was found in your citation. Page numbers are denoted with “p.” for one page and “pp.” for multiple pages. These techniques alert the reader that the text is quoted verbatim from another source and enable the reader to locate that information within the original source. 10. What are correct and incorrect ways to paraphrase? a. Correct ways to paraphrase. i. Good note-taking techniques can help prevent the error of plagiarism in paraphrasing. ii. Write in your own words, but you can take the facts and ideas from a particular Arthur. iii. Omit the quotation marks and reference with a parenthetical citation. b. Incorrect ways to paraphrase. i. You should not adapt material with only minor changes such as: 1. Combining sentences 2. Omitting phrases 3. Changing a few words 4. Inverting sentence order ii. Not using the correct citations 11. Identify the basic rules of formatting an APA style paper. a. Formatting in APA i. The basic format of a research manuscript includes the font type and size, the width of the margins, the width of the line spacing, the paragraph format, the location of the page numbers, and the format of the running head, also known as a page header. 1. Font type and Size: Use the same font throughout the research paper. Options may include: a. Serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman or 11-point Georgia b. Sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri or Arial 2. Margins: 1” left, right, top, & bottom 3. Spacing: Double space 4. Paragraph: Indent the 1st line of every paragraph 0.5 inches 5. Page Numbers: Upper right corner of all pages, including the title page. 6. Running Head: Brief title (up to 50 characters), all capital letters, left-side top margin of all pages. ii. Headings 1. To give a clear visual order to the many levels of the paper, APA style sets unique formats for the titles, also called headings, at each of the different levels. When writing a manuscript, it is important to use the correct style for the appropriate heading level. Typically, there are two or three

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