ED 112 New Ch. 4 Qs (1)

ED 112 Intro. to ECE Ch. 4 Homework Questions (108 points) NAME: DATE: True/False (3 pts. each) Indicate whether the statement is true or false by writing T or F after the sentence. 1. There is just one overriding theory of child development, not multiple theories. F 2. The only part of the environment that shapes how a young child develops is the family and other parts of society do not exert any influence . F 3. The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with help from a more knowledgeable other . T 4. Positive reinforcers can be tokens or toys but cannot include attention or praise. T 5. Snacks or treats are appropriate and effective reinforcers for desired behaviors. F 6. Some children younger than age two will engage in pretend play. F 7. Adult interactions can vary by culture, so secure attachment may need to be assessed differently in order to be culturally appropriate. T 8. Young children will model behaviors of the people around them but not those they see on television because they recognize that those are not real. F Match the theory with the basic concept (3 pts. each) . a. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory e. Social Learning Theory b. Behaviorist Theory f. Ecological Theory c. Cognitive Theory g. Attachment Theory d. Sociocultural Theory __F__ 1. Human development is influenced by several systems (environmental contexts). __A__ 2. People encounter specific “crises” or “challenges” that need to be successfully resolved to move through each stage of development. __G__ 3. Bonds formed with a primary caregiver who provides physical and emotional support provide an internal working model for how to relate to others. __E__ 4. Children learn from the models around them. __B__ 5. Through experience, behavior is modified or changed by conditioning and reinforcement. __C__ 6. Children pass through stages of thinking, constructing their own knowledge from experiences. __D__ 7 . Children learn new skills from social interactions and support (scaffolding) Match the descriptive phrases to the approach. (3 pts. each) a. High Scope d. Reggio Emilia b . Montessori e. Waldorf Schools c. Developmental Interaction f. Forest Schools __A__ 1. Child-centered activities that children make a plan for, carry out and then report back on. __B__ 2. Learning from peers in mixed age groups; practical life skills activities __E__ 3. Rituals that celebrate the seasons and flexible timing for activities and routines. __F__ 4. The outdoors is the classroom. __D__ 5. Children express their thoughts and feelings through the arts. __C__ 6. Play-based programming for the whole child, integrating all of the developmental domains.

Short Answers (up to 15 points each) According to Ch. 4 in your text , what are the three basic areas of development? Describe what is included in each area. 1. Physical development – fine motor skills, gross motor skills, and coordination 2. Cognitive development – developmental theories, cognitive skills, information processing skills, sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations, formal operations 3. Psychosocial development – how a child develops their personality and how they interact with the people and things around them; sociocultural development Describe ways in which you would use the child development theories in the chapter in your work with children. Pick 3 (they are listed in the question about theories above) and be specific about how each is useful for teachers. 1. Sociocultural Development – Sociocultural development is useful for teachers in many ways. Through social interactions, teachers can help children learn new skills and teach them how to bond with other children. The best way to support a child’s learning is to give them just the specific help they need in order to allow them to complete the skill/activity. Through scaffolding, a more knowledgeable other can help support a child to learn things that they could not do alone. 2. Social Learning Theory – Social learning theory focuses on how children learn particular behaviors based on watching the actions of those around them; the individuals being referred to as “models”. Children observe the behaviors of others around them and use that as a model for their own behavior, so it is important for teachers to lead by example. Be the change that you want to see in the children you teach and use examples and actions to show them right from wrong and teach them things like manners. 3. Ecological Systems Theory – The ecological systems theory focuses on the idea that the child develops in response to the multiple systems that influence them. This theory focuses on how things in the child’s life connect and build on each other and categorizing those things into different systems. The system that refers the to the child’s immediate environment is called the Microsystem. This includes the child’s immediate family, school or childcare, and friends. The system that refers to the connections between its entities is called the Mesosystem. This includes interactions between, say, parents and teachers at school. The system that refers to the social influences that are removed from the child is called the Exosystem. This can include the parent’s workplace, healthcare services, and local politics. The system that represents attitudes of the larger culture is called the Macrosystem. Examples of this can include society’s acceptance of women working outside the home or societal racism. The final system is called the Chronosystem, and this represents the way larger social events change over time. Examples can include global warming and the policies in place to hinder it. Understanding this theory and these systems can be crucial to having a deeper understanding of children, their desires, their responses, and where those originate. This can help you have a greater scope of each child’s life and their understanding of the world which can help the teacher create a dynamic environment where each child can personally thrive and develop. Of the six approaches described in the second half of the chapter, which one has strong appeal for you? What qualities/characteristics do you feel makes it a developmentally appropriate approach?