week 3 concept map

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Psychology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Isabella Spandau Week 3: Assignment - CONCEPT WORKSHEET: Audience Adaptation Scientists continue to unravel the complex brain changes involved in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Changes in the brain may begin a decade, including memory and other brain function problems. Our brain is full of neurons that create connections and send messages to and from different parts of the body. Previously, healthy neurons stopped functioning, lost connections with other neurons, and die. The damage initially appears to occur in the hippocampus and cortex, the parts of the brain essential to forming memories. As more neurons die, additional parts of the brain are affected and begin to shrink. By the final stage of Alzheimer’s, damage is widespread, and brain tissue has shrunk significantly. There are ten symptoms of early Alzheimer’s disease that progress. The first symptom is forgetting recently learned information that disrupts daily life. Forgetting important dates or events, asking the same questions repeatedly, and increasingly needing to rely on memory aids or family members for things they used to handle on their own. However, this is different than a typical age-related change of sometimes forgetting names or appointments but remembering them later. Another symptom as Alzheimer’s disease progresses can influence planning or solving problems. This includes changes in an individual’s ability to develop and follow a plan or work with numbers. For example, they may have trouble following a familiar recipe or keeping track of monthly bills. They may have difficulty concentrating and take much longer to do things than they did before. This may be seen in managing their finances or household bills. In addition to paying a bill, Alzheimer’s disease can create difficulty completing familiar tasks, including trouble driving to a typical location, organizing a grocery list, or remembering the rules of a favorite game. This symptom is different from occasionally needing help to use microwave settings or to record a TV show. Alzheimer’s disease may create confusion with time or place. Symptoms can include keeping track of dates, seasons, and the passage of time. Individuals may need help understanding something if it is not happening immediately. Sometimes, they may need to remember where or how they got there. This symptom differs from forgetting the date or day of the week to figuring it out later. Some symptoms may affect understanding visual images and how objects and people move in relation to each other. Vision problems may occur that include difficulty judging distance, determining color or contrast, or causing issues with balance or driving, which can be symptoms of Alzheimer’s, which can be more severe than blurred vision related to aging. This disease affects vision but can also be seen as misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps. A person with Alzheimer’s disease may put things in unusual places. They may lose things and cannot return to their steps to find them again. They may accuse others of stealing, especially as the disease progresses. Alzheimer’s may cause problems with words in speaking or writing in addition to their visual changes. Individuals with Alzheimer’s may have trouble following or joining a conversation. They may stop during a conversation and have no idea how to continue, or they

may repeat themselves. They may struggle with vocabulary, have trouble naming a familiar object, or use the wrong name (e.g., calling a “watch” a “hand-clock”). Alzheimer’s may make patients have decreased or poor judgment. Individuals with Alzheimer’s may experience changes in judgment or decision-making. For example, they may use poor judgment when dealing with money or pay less attention to grooming or keeping themselves clean. In some cases, symptoms of withdrawal occur from work or social activities. A person living with Alzheimer’s disease may experience changes in the ability to hold or follow a conversation. As a result, they may withdraw from hobbies, social activities, or other engagements. They may have trouble keeping up with a favorite team or training, unlike their typical behavior of sometimes feeling uninterested in family or social obligations. Alzheimer’s patients may present changes in mood and personality. Individuals living with Alzheimer’s may experience mood and personality changes. They can become confused, suspicious, depressed, fearful, or anxious. They may be easily upset at home, with friends, or outside their comfort zone. Although Alzheimer’s disease and dementia both affect memory. Dementia can be categorized as a syndrome. There are three stages of dementia: early, moderate, and advanced. Early stages of dementia include the ten symptoms previously discussed. Patients with mild dementia require additional assistance with reminders to eat, wash, and use the restroom. They may not recognize family and friends. Dementia patients have behavioral symptoms such as wandering, getting lost, hallucinations, delusions, and repetitive behavior may occur. Patients living at home may engage in risky behavior, such as leaving the house in clothing inappropriate for weather conditions or leaving the stove burners on. Patients with advanced dementia require full assistance in washing, dressing, eating, and toileting. They often have urinary and bowel incontinence. Their gait becomes shuffled or unsteady. There may be increased aggressive behavior, disinhibition, or inappropriate laughing. Eventually, they have difficulty eating, swallowing, and speaking, and seizures may develop. Providers use a patient’s medical history, mental status tests, physical and neurological exams, and diagnostic tests to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. The neurological exam, reflexes, coordination, muscle tone and strength, eye movement, speech, and sensation are tested. Mental status testing evaluates memory, thinking, and simple problem- solving abilities. These tests give an overall sense of whether a person is aware of their symptoms, knows the date, time, and place where they are, can remember a short list of words, and can follow instructions and do simple calculations: the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and Mini- Cog test assessments. A health professional asks questions during the MMSE to test everyday mental skills. The maximum MMSE score is 30 points. A score of 20 to 24 suggests mild dementia, 13 to 20 suggests moderate dementia and less than 12 indicates severe dementia. On average, the MMSE score of a person with Alzheimer’s declines about two to four points each year.

During the Mini-Cog, a person completes two tasks: remember and then later repeat the names of three everyday objects and draw the face of a clock showing all 12 numbers in the right places with the time indicated as specified by the examiner. The results of this brief test will determine if further evaluation is needed. In addition to assessing mental status, the health care provider evaluates a person’s sense of well-being to detect depression or other mood disorders that can cause memory problems, loss of interest in life, and other symptoms that can overlap with dementia. Diagnostic testing for Alzheimer’s may include structural imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). These tests rule out other conditions that can cause symptoms like Alzheimer’s but require different treatments. For example, structural imaging can reveal brain tumors, evidence of strokes, damage from head trauma, or a buildup of fluid in the brain. No single diagnostic test can determine if a person has Alzheimer’s disease. Healthcare Reflection The audience adaptation assignment was tough for me. I tried to stick to just five concepts. The concepts I chose were omitting information the reader may need help understanding. I also omitted information that was mentioned multiple times. At the end of each paragraph, there were almost the same sentences with different examples. I kept some of the examples and reworded and deleted the repetitive parts. I broke down the meaning of words I didn't understand or words I thought someone with no previous knowledge would understand. I took some more significant words out and rewrote those sentences. I have changed the level of information. I explained details further so that any reader could pick this up and understand the concepts. I also changed the introductions in some of the paragraphs. Most of them started with fragments of a sentence. I made complete sentences and made them flow from the previous paragraph. So that they would be whole sentences and explain what the section would talk about. Lastly, I broke up paragraphs to make them more specific and manageable. The last few paragraphs were very lengthy and needed to be easier to digest. Other than breaking them into more sections, I considered moving them up or down to make more sense. I confused myself and doubted if they should be moved or not. Overall, I did an okay job. Still, I did not feel very confident because I didn't feel very confident in my writing. Reference Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN). (n.d.). Alzheimer’s Disease. In K. Ernstmeyer & E. Christman (Eds.), Nursing Fundamentals. Chippewa Valley Technical College. https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nursingfundamentals/chapter/6-3-alzheimers-disease/

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