592664-Case Study Analysis

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1 Case Study Analysis Thoughts Regarding the Diagnosis Based on the information gathered from the patient’s history, Marco is experiencing a Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The client is also faced with elements of imposter syndrome with a genetic propensity to bipolar mood disorder (Case study, n.d). MDD is a mood disorder that is manifested by persistent feelings of displeasure, loss of interest in activities that one once loved, loss of appetite, weight loss, changes in sleep pattern, psychomotor agitation, fatigue, guilt, and feeling of worthlessness (Hasin et al., 2018). In other instances, the patient may experience difficulty concentrating on tasks and recurrent suicidal or homicidal ideations. Major depressive episode symptoms manifest negative symptoms or withdrawal of integral aspects of life. The effects result primarily in a depressed mood and loss of interest in activities which causes significant distress or impairment in living (Hasin et al., 2018). The dysfunctions caused can be occupational, whereby the patient cannot undertake their occupational responsibilities (Hasin et al., 2018). Activities of daily living and interests in pleasurable activities can also be inhibited, as demonstrated in Marco's case. Similarly, other symptoms, including imposter syndrome and predispositions, are triggers to the disorder, making MDD the best diagnosis for Marco (Case study, n.d). Although the diagnosis is definite, a comorbidity issue can also alter the state resulting in an impression of two disorders. Symptoms and Aspects Promoting the Diagnosis MDD is a disorder that has specific specifiers which can help ascertain the diagnosis. The DSM-5 provides a cluster of symptoms that should be present for someone to be diagnosed with a specific mental disorder. For MDD, the person must have at least five or more depressive symptoms lasting over two weeks. Some of the symptoms that should be present include

2 persistent sadness that results in displeasure with life activities (Katsuki et al., 2018). The client should also have difficulty sustaining motivation with specific tasks or responsibilities, resulting in occupational dysfunction. In addition, the loss of interest in hobbies or activities that were once pleasurable to them is an integral indicator. Further, the patient may experience changes in sleep patterns that include insomnia triggered by racing thoughts that do not go away or hypersomnia (Li et al., 2021). Loss of weight and appetite is also an integral specifier for individuals facing MDD, considering that they lose interest in eating and sleeping. Another indicator is social withdrawal and isolation which presents itself as feeling worthless and guilty of engaging in outdoor activities, which results in loneliness. Marco qualifies to be diagnosed with MDD, considering that he experiences more than five of the disorder's specifiers that have resulted in a significant change in thinking, emotions, and behaviors. Persistent sadness is one of the early indicators of MDD and is described to have lasted more than seven months (Hasin et al., 2018). The reason is that Maco began feeling sad with a feeling he calls "blah," with this, irritability and loss of interest in activities heightened (Case study, n.d). This specifier is the first indicator in the diagnostic criteria for MDD in the DSM-5 (Hasin et al., 2018). Another symptom includes a negative perception of self that makes him feel like an imposter (Case study, n.d). This factor indicates that he feels worthless and does not acknowledge the efforts that he is making in the company as an executive, considering that he even feels guilty for taking a hefty paycheck (Case study, n.d). Another indicator of MDD is difficulty completing tasks due to loss of interest and demotivation. This feeling occurs because he feels the days are too long and has difficulty resting at night. Changes in the vegetative functions of an individual can signify a mental disorder. Marco has lost weight due to constant worries and lack of sleep, even though he mentions his appetite to

3 be okay (Case study, n.d). Social withdrawal is another indicator of MDD, considering that individuals find solace in being alone (Hasin et al., 2018). As highlighted in Marco's case, he has developed a habit of turning his friends' invitations down, and this isolation has lasted for seven months (Case study, n.d). This isolation should be noted as occurring consequently with the time he began to feel sad, indicating that the condition is MDD (Case study, n.d). Therefore, the symptoms highlighted in the case align with the diagnosis of MDD, and Marco qualifies in all these criteria, signifying the presence of the disorder. Biopsychosocial and Social Cultural Considerations The biopsychological models are integral for understanding the factors influencing a specific disorder. The biological factor influencing the MDD condition is Macro's genetic predisposition to Bipolar and suicide (Case study, n.d). The reason is that the heredity factor influences the presentation of a particular trait among species of a single unit (Pettersson et al., 2019). Therefore, the fact that Marco’s two aunts had a mental disorder indicates a predisposing factor that can influence his mental health crisis (Case study, n.d). Researchers have identified the genetic influence of psychiatric disorders based on a family history of mental disorders (Pettersson et al., 2019). This information indicates that if one family member is diagnosed with a mental health condition, the chances of it recurring or mutating into a different mental health issue are high. Therefore, the biological factor predisposing Marco to MDD is a family member's history of a mental health issue. Pharmacological conditions can also be a significant trigger of mental health conditions. Marco has a thyroid condition which is significantly associated with the development of mental disorders (Case study, n.d). According to Nuguru et al. (2023), the relationship between thyroid function and depression is widely acknowledged considering that patients with the condition tend

4 to develop depressive conditions, including feelings of worthlessness, mood disorders, and, at times, suicidal ideations. The reason is that excesses and insufficiencies in thyroid hormones can cause mood abnormalities, and this is generally reversible with proper pharmacological intervention (Nuguru et al., 2023). Therefore, this comorbidity factor can cause a particular mental health disorder's dominance in patients with a history of some other illness. Psychological factors are also integral contributors to specific mental health issues. The baseline triggers are constant negative thought patterns, feelings of inadequacy, and low moods. The reason is that a constant negative thought and mood changes the brain chemistry, considering that serotonin hormones are released as long as the sadness persists, and this can create a lasting feeling of low mood (Pettersson et al., 2019). Therefore, depressive symptoms can stem from constant feelings of inadequacy and worthlessness (Pettersson et al., 2019). Therefore, Marco's psychological pattern can be associated with the MDD diagnosis. The sociocultural effects refer to different societal and cultural influences that impact an individual's reasoning, feelings, and behaviors. The state of each variable influences an individual's mental status (Pettersson et al., 2019). Marco’s demanding job and heavy responsibilities in the firm lead to exposure to constant stress and depression. The reason is that constant worry disrupts the body's typical stress response causing dysregulation of hormones like cortisol, negatively impacting mood and increasing the risk of MDD. Another issue is social isolation, resulting in loneliness and disconnection from support systems. Marco's tendency to turn down offers from friends exuberated sadness and hopelessness, which increase the disorder (Case study, n.d). Socially disconnected individuals adopt unhealthy lifestyle choices, including reduced physical activity, and this increases the chances of depression, considering that the reward systems became inactive due vegetative state

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