Milestone Two Psy 790

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1 Milestone Two: Literature Review Aloma Cordes Department of Psychology, Southern New Hampshire University Psy-790: Capstone in Psychology Dr. Edwards November 27, 2023

2 In the early days, animals were considered property so it was illegal to kill or harm them. It all changed in the 1800s when American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was created and founded. At the time the president Henry Bergh was at the fore front in the passing of the New York Anti-Cruelty Act founded in 1867 which made it illegal to abandon, overwork and not provide adequate water or food for animals (Favre & Tsang, 1993). The research question is do repeated incidents of animal abuse in childhood correlate with repeated incidents of adult interpersonal violence? In 1963, John MacDonald created and developed the MacDonald Triad. The Macdonald Triad stated that fire-starting, bedwetting, animal cruelties are indicators of adult violent behavior. According to Parfitt & Alleyne (2018), ineffective coping skills and dysfunctional home situation are a better indicator than what the triad and other constituents stated. Hellman and Blackman (1966) utilized the MacDonald Triad to see if younger individuals with the same qualities conduct violent crimes in the future. The emergency psychiatric care facility in Missouri, where 84 jailed males were questioned about their triad behaviors and their early records were separated into to 2 groups: perpetrated aggressive behavior (31) or violet offenses and perpetrated nonaggressive offenses (53). With the comparison to 16 of the 31 aggressive offenders, 9 nonaggressive offenders had some sort of history of cruelty to animals. Hellman and Blackman (1966) hypothesized that a kid that possesses these features will have a high proclivity of later violence against others. Over the next 2 decades, several experts looked in the link between animal abuse and violent crimes against humans. Felthous and Kellert (1987) published a meta-analysis of the investigations. There were about 15 studies they looked into that showed a linked between later interpersonal aggression and animal abuse in the childhood. They tried to find a meaningful

3 association with the two behaviors but there was none found in the ten analyses. There was failure to find any correlation due to three factors in their analyses. In the research they found, there was no clear meaning stated for interpersonal violence and animal cruelty that did leave a wide variety of behaviors that could be classified as violent and cruel. Data was gathered along with a lot of research that did not show any correlation that will employ the chart method of evaluation instead of in-depth interviews. Instead evaluating repeating behaviors, individual instances were evaluated when it came to interpersonal violence and cruelty to animals. Felthous and Kellert (1987) evaluated five studies the identified the relationship in the meta-analysis examined recurrence. Merz-Perz et al. (2001) conducted an interview with 45 violent and 45 nonviolent convicts in Florida prison and founds some comparable results. When the comparison was done between non-violent convicts and the violent convicts as children were to have perpetrated animal cruelty. According to Wright and Hensley (2003), the techniques used by the violent criminals when perpetrating cruelty to animals were the same as those used when harming humans when they were adults. The link between youth animal cruelty and other murders such as sexual homicide and serial murder has been looked into by researchers. Ressler et al. (1988) conducted a study with 36 sexual killers and all were serial killers except for seven. Twenty-eight of the sexual killers were also tested for many childhood traits that included cruelty to animals, 36% perpetrated cruelty to animals as young children, 46% perpetrated cruelty to animals as teens and 36% perpetrated animal cruelty as adults. Arluke and Madfis (2014) also looked into if there were a correlation between animal cruelty as a child and any incidents on interpersonal violence among school shooters. The

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