PSYFPX4310_FriesKonnie_Assessment1-Attempt1

.docx

School

Capella University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

BIOLOGICAL

Subject

Psychology

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by ColonelClover12186

1 Neurobiology of Ecstasy (MDMA) Abuse Konnie Fries Capella University PSYCFPX-4310 Biological Psychology Professor Ryan Lau December 2023

2 Neurobiology of Ecstasy (MDMA) Abuse Ecstasy, also known as MDMA, is a popular recreational drug that is often associated with its euphoric and empathogenic effects (Robert’s et al., 2018). However, the abuse of ecstasy can have profound neurobiological consequences (Hussain et al., 2023). In this paper, we will explore the neurobiology of ecstasy abuse and its impact on the brain. Introduction MDMA primarily acts by increasing the release and inhibiting the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (Robert et al., 2018). By altering the balance of these neurotransmitters, ecstasy produces its characteristic effects of increased energy, heightened mood, and enhanced sociability (Render & Jensen, 2019). However, prolonged and excessive use of ecstasy can lead to significant neurobiological changes (Robert’s et al., 2018). One of the major concerns with ecstasy abuse is its impact on the serotonin system (Robert’s et al., 2018). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and other physiological functions (Render & Jensen, 2019). Long-term use of ecstasy can deplete serotonin levels, leading to a range of negative effects such as depression, anxiety, and memory problems. Additionally, it can disrupt the functioning of serotonin receptors, which are important for maintaining emotional stability and cognitive function (Dorze et al., 2019). Furthermore, ecstasy abuse can also affect the dopamine system in the brain (Render & Jensen, 2019). Dopamine is involved in the brain's reward pathway and is responsible for feelings of pleasure and motivation (Garrett & Hough, 2021). Chronic ecstasy use can lead to

3 alterations in dopamine release and reuptake, which may contribute to the development of addiction and other psychological issues (Render & Jensen, 2019). The abuse of ecstasy can also have detrimental effects on other neurotransmitter systems, such as norepinephrine (Robert’s et al., 2018). Norepinephrine is involved in regulating attention, arousal, and stress response (Garrett & Hough, 2021). Prolonged ecstasy use can disrupt the balance of norepinephrine, leading to problems with attention, sleep disturbances, and increased anxiety (Hussain et al, 2023). In addition to the direct effects on neurotransmitter systems, ecstasy abuse can also cause structural changes in the brain (Robert’s et al., 2018). Research has shown that chronic use of ecstasy can result in decreased gray matter volume in certain brain regions, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (Robert’s et al., 2019). These areas are involved in memory, learning, and decision-making, and their impairment can have long-lasting cognitive consequences (Garrett & Hough, 2021). The neurobiology of ecstasy abuse involves alterations in neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (Dorze et al., 2019). These changes can lead to a range of negative effects on mood, cognition, and behavior. It is important to understand the neurobiological consequences of ecstasy abuse in order to develop effective interventions and support individuals who are struggling with addiction. MDMA in Psychotherapy Alternately, MDMA has shown promise in psychotherapy, particularly for treating PTSD. It enhances the therapeutic process by promoting trust, empathy, and emotional openness (Lyubomirsky, 2022). MDMA increases serotonin release, creating a sense of emotional safety and facilitating deep introspection (Lyubomirsky, 2022). Research has shown that MDMA- assisted therapy reduces PTSD symptoms and improves overall well-being (Mithoefer et al. ,

4 2019). Neuroimaging studies have found changes in brain activity and connectivity during MDMA-assisted therapy (Roberts et al., 2018). MDMA increases activity in emotional processing regions and enhances connectivity between emotional and cognitive control regions (Hussain et al., 2023). However, safe and effective use of MDMA in therapy requires proper dosage, setting, and guidance. Further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and ensure its safe use. Research Summary According to a study by Squire et al. (2019), acute exposure to MDMA impairs memory performance in rats. This impairment is not solely due to compromised serotonin systems, but rather the overstimulation of dopamine D1 receptors. Squire et al. (2019) used mutant rats with reduced D1 receptor function to investigate the effects of MDMA on memory. The results showed that wild-type rats exhibited decreased accuracy and increased perseverative errors after MDMA administration. In contrast, the rats were protected from MDMA-induced memory deficits. These findings challenge the belief that MDMA's effects on memory are primarily serotonergic and suggest a role for D1 receptors in MDMA's impact on memory. Squire et al. (2019) also highlighted the connection between dopamine neurotransmission and behavioral flexibility. However, it is important to note that the study only included male rats, and further research is needed to explore potential sex differences. Overall, these findings have implications for the development of therapeutics targeting substance abuse-related behavioral patterns. Render & Jensen (2019) aimed to investigate the factors influencing the sense of agency, which is the feeling of control over one's actions, on a personality level. It also explored the relationship between the strength of the sense of agency and substance use. The study involved 210 participants who underwent various tests and questionnaires. The results showed that

5 narcissism (vulnerable subtype) and substance use, particularly cannabis, ecstasy, and cocaine, were associated with a weaker sense of agency (Render & Jensen, 2019). These findings suggest that alterations in the dopaminergic system may play a role in the perception of agency. Render & Jensen (2019) also examined the connection between sense of agency and intentionality bias, which is the tendency to perceive others' actions as intentional or unintentional. However, no significant relationship between the two constructs was found. Weafer (2023) investigated the relationship between impulse control deficits and heightened sensitivity to the rewarding effects of drugs, specifically focusing on substance use disorders. They found that animals with poor impulse control were more prone to drug self- administration. Similarly, human studies revealed a significant association between impaired impulse control and increased substance use, as well as reduced neural activity within relevant brain regions (Weafer, 2023). Weafer (2023) also delved into potential underlying mechanisms that could explain this observed correlation. They suggested that variations in brain receptors, such as dopamine D2 receptors, may contribute to the interplay between impulse control and drug responsivity. However, there are still certain gaps in knowledge, including understanding the causality between poor impulse control and heightened drug response, as well as the generalizability of these findings to diverse substances and populations (Weafer, 2023). Weafer (2023) suggests that further research endeavors should be aimed at elucidating the intricate neurobiological processes underlying impulse control and substance use disorders could have significant implications for the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions. By better understanding the mechanisms driving these behaviors, targeted

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Recommended textbooks for you

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)

Psychology

ISBN:9780134477961

Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Publisher:PEARSON

Cognitive Psychology

Psychology

ISBN:9781337408271

Author:Goldstein, E. Bruce.

Publisher:Cengage Learning,

Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ...

Psychology

ISBN:9781337565691

Author:Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Psychology in Your Life (Second Edition)

Psychology

ISBN:9780393265156

Author:Sarah Grison, Michael Gazzaniga

Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company

Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research a...

Psychology

ISBN:9781285763880

Author:E. Bruce Goldstein

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Theories of Personality (MindTap Course List)

Psychology

ISBN:9781305652958

Author:Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz

Publisher:Cengage Learning

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Psychology
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:PEARSON
Cognitive Psychology
Psychology
ISBN:9781337408271
Author:Goldstein, E. Bruce.
Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ...
Psychology
ISBN:9781337565691
Author:Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Psychology in Your Life (Second Edition)
Psychology
ISBN:9780393265156
Author:Sarah Grison, Michael Gazzaniga
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research a...
Psychology
ISBN:9781285763880
Author:E. Bruce Goldstein
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Theories of Personality (MindTap Course List)
Psychology
ISBN:9781305652958
Author:Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz
Publisher:Cengage Learning