PSYCH 140 M1P

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12/29/23, 8:42 PM M1: Review & Reflect M1: Review & Reflect: Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology - Williams - 2023A Due No due date Points 5 Questions 12 Time Limit None Instructions Review and Reflect questions give you an opportunity to pause and reflect on the content of the module as well as your understanding of the material. These review and reflect questions serve as a review for the module exam. If you can answer these questions in your own words, you should be well-prepared for the exam. Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 13 minutes 5outof 5 Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5 Submitted Dec 27 at 4:50pm This attempt took 13 minutes. Question 1 0/0pts Why is it important to study human development across the lifespan? Your Answer: Because there are major changes that occur throughout adolescence and adulthood It would be inaccurate to say that change, or development, only occurs in childhood. Particularly when one considers the various aspects ~ of development (aging, growth, maturation), it is evident that development is lifelong. Question 2 0/0pts What does it mean that development is multidirectional? Your Answer: It can be good or bad. It can be improving or declining. Development involves both improvement and decline. Specific terms, such as growth, aging, and maturation reflect the multidirectional nature of development. Question 3 0/0 pts What does it mean that lifespan development is multidisciplinary? What disciplines are involved? Why? Your Answer: It means it is involved in multiple disciplines such as health sciences, social sciences, or education. In these disciplines, you need to have understanding of human development. While lifespan development is relevant to many disciplines, it is particularly important to the health professions, education, and the social sciences. For each of these professional fields, an understanding of the issues and complexities of specific age groups is key to helping people. In addition, it is important to study the whole person—for instance, health, thought processes, and emotions—since each type of development affects the others. One cannot have a good handle on how to promote healthy behaviors in a client without knowing at least a little about adaptive and maladaptive emotional states. On the other hand, without some understanding of the biological underpinnings of emotions, professionals may be misguided in the decisions they make as they attempt to help. Question 4 0/0 pts Since development is multidimensional, there are a variety of areas in which a person could change. Imagine you are interacting with a teenager. How might the teen be developing in the biological, social, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. Your Answer: https://nursingabc.instructure.com/courses/1890/quizzes/46312?module_item_id=227044 1/4

12/29/23, 8:42 PM M1: Review & Reflect: Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology - Williams - 2023A Teenagers are changing in several ways. Their bodies are growing and going through puberty. They are becoming more interested in friends and independence. They are learning to control their emotions and make decisions. And they are getting smarter and better at schoolwork. All of these changes affect how they act and relate to others. Biological dimension: physical changes going on in the body. Also, it is important to note how external influences (for instance, drugs, healthful behaviors) influence biology and vice versa. Social dimension: how does the individual change in his/her social interactions with others? Emotional dimension: how does the individual change in how she/he regulates and experiences emotion? Cognitive dimension: how does the individual change in the way he/she thinks? Question 5 0/0pts Answer the following reflection questions. There are no wrong or right answers, but self-reflection will help you to connect with the material to enhance your learning. Which periods of development interest you the most? Why? Do you plan on working with a specific age group in the future? What would you like to learn about these specific periods? Your Answer: Infancy interest me the most because its the beginning of development. There things that if you didn't develop by certain age, you would be having difficulties with it as an adult. | plan on working with children. | would like to know what things affect children that can carry into their adulthood. Answers to the reflection questions will vary. Are you ready to discover more about the various age groups now? Question 6 0/0 pts Summarize each side of the nature / nurture controversy. Then, go through the first four theorists in this module (Freud, Erikson, Skinner, and Piaget) and consider whether each theorist leans toward the nature side, the nurture side, or some combination of both. Your Answer: The nature-nurture debate considers innate biology (nature) versus environmental experiences (nurture). Freud and Erikson emphasize both, Skinner leans more toward nurture, and Piaget recognizes both nature and nurture in development. The Nature side emphasizes biology and maturation. Essentially, one’s genetics, personality, and innate characteristics will naturally enfold and cause one to develop in a particular way. On the other extreme, the Nurture side emphasizes the role of parents, other individuals, and the context in which one lives in assessing what primarily influences development. Most modern psychologists accept both as being integral to development, although some researchers and theorists may lean toward one or the other side. Similarly, most of the theorists and researchers presented in this module would acknowledge the role of both nature and nurture. Freud, for instance, incorporated both nature and nurture perspectives in his theories of development. While his emphasis on nature is more clearly seen in his view of the development of personality (id, ego, superego—not discussed in this module), his emphasis on nurture is evident in his emphasis on early childhood experiences influencing the psychosexual stages. Erikson, in his emphasis on social influences, leaned toward the nurture side. The Behaviorists certainly emphasize nurture over nature. Piaget’s theory, however, swings back to the nature side. Question 7 0/0 pts Summarize each side of the continuity/discontinuity controversy. Which theorists (consider Freud, Erikson, Skinner, and Piaget) view development as being discontinuous? Your Answer: The continuity-discontinuity controversy in development revolves around whether development is a gradual, continuous process (continuity) or marked by distinct stages and transitions (discontinuity). Freud, Erikson, and Piaget view development as discontinuous, with distinct stages, while Skinner's perspective leans more toward continuity, emphasizing gradual learning and reinforcement. https://nursingabc.instructure.com/courses/1890/quizzes/46312?module_item_id=227044 2/4

12/29/23, 8:42 PM M1: Review & Reflect: Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology - Williams - 2023A A continuous view of development asserts that development gradually occurs, while a discontinuous view states that development moves forward in discrete stages. Stage theorists such as Freud, Erikson, and Piaget would view development as being discontinuous (in general), while the Behaviorists are more apt to view development as being continuous. Question 8 0/0 pts Briefly summarize Freud’s developmental theory and Erikson’s developmental theory. How are they similar? How are they different? Your Answer: Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious drives and psychosexual stages in early childhood, while Erikson's psychosocial theory focuses on social and cultural factors across the lifespan. Both highlight the importance of resolving conflicts at different stages for healthy development. Review the module and websites to describe the theories in detail. Similarities: both attempt to describe development across the lifespan. Contrast: Freud's theory is psychosexual, whereas Erikson’s is psychosocial; Freud’s theory does not describe any differences between adolescents and adults, whereas Erikson describes meaningful changes later in the lifespan. Question 9 0/0 pts Compare and contrast classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Your Answer: Classical conditioning associates stimuli with automatic responses, like the famous bell and salivation experiment. Operant conditioning, in contrast, links behaviors with their consequences, focusing on voluntary actions and their outcomes. Both forms of learning are about learning associations (one thing goes with another). However, classical conditioning shows a learned response where a new stimulus is linked to a natural stimulus-reponse pair. Operant conditioning uses rewards and punishments to increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors. Question 10 0/0 pts Summarize the key elements of Piaget's theory. Why is it considered cognitive in nature? Your Answer: Piaget's theory explains how individuals develop cognitive abilities through stages, emphasizing how they think, reason, and adapt to new information. It's considered cognitive because it focuses on mental processes and how they change over time Review module and websites, but be sure to include a definition of schemas and the four stages Piaget outlined. It is considered cognitive in nature because it is focused on changes to how children think across their development. Question 11 0/0 pts Compose four sentences to summarize the following theories: information-processing, sociocultural, ecological. Your Answer: Information-processing theory examines cognitive processes. Sociocultural theory emphasizes social and cultural influences. Ecological systems theory explores interconnected environments. Each theory offers a unique perspective on human development and learning. https://nursingabc.instructure.com/courses/1890/quizzes/46312?module_item_id=227044 3/4

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12/29/23, 8:42 PM M1: Review & Reflect: Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology - Williams - 2023A Here are some suggested sentence summaries. Ecological: It is important to understand the many contexts in which individuals exist. Sociocultural: Cultural transmission and the role of key individuals in a person’s life are extremely important to development. Information processing: Like a computer, the human brain actively manipulates information in specific ways. Question 12 5/5 pts As a reminder, the questions in this review quiz are a requirement of the course and the best way to prepare for the module exam. Did you complete all questions in their entirety? Your Answer: Yes Quiz Score: 5 out of 5 https://nursingabc.instructure.com/courses/1890/quizzes/463127?module _item_id=227044 4/4

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