PSY 804_Assignment_Benchmark Major Psychological Movements

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Benchmark Major Psychological Movements College of Doctoral Studies, Grand Canyon University PSY 804: Humanistic, Transpersonal and Existential Psychology Dr. Moore February 22, 2023,

2 Benchmark Major Psychological Movements Many behaviors in the world are influenced by psychology without anybody realizing it. Watson was curious about behaviorism. He was fascinated by human behavior and how individuals act and respond. He discussed the relevance of psychological growth in his article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Sees It . Despite seeing this change, he concluded that additional behavioral study was needed (Watson, 1913). While humanistic psychology must be investigated in its entirety because humans are unique goal-setters who seek worth and innovation., this paper intends to study historical movements because understanding human behavior and experiences, the history of human science, and forming the foundation for understanding human experience help understand the particular and distinguishing characteristics of human beings (Aanstoos et al., 2000). So, how does psychology affect the rest of the world? Historical Context of the Movements Psychology began by examining awareness and mental processes like perception and sensation (Williams, 2012). Royce was the most influential in reintroducing the term "self" because he, like other American authors, believed that psychological theory would help people comprehend their lives better. 'Self' is regarded as a changing structure. But Roger believed that the pattern of change encompasses the intellect's physical and psychological development. Theorists discovered that the self naturally expands, develops, and achieves one's maximum potential (Schneider et al., 2015). Similarly, behaviorism is observational and descriptive and founded on feeling and experience. The theories' goal was to help in comprehending the entire scope of the human

3 condition. Darwin, Pavlov, Tolman, Thorndike, Skinner, and Watson were early behavioralists who made important advances to psychology (Moore, 2011). As a result, the Association for Humanistic Psychology born. According to Aanstoos et al. (2000), these pioneers, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, and Gordon Allport, aimed to impact and modify the positive bias of psychological science. Consequently, Maslow was pivotal in launching the humanistic psychology movement. Maslow published journals of humanistic psychology that concentrated on innovation, autonomy, love, and development in 1961 (Rowan, 2004). To put it another way, Schneider et al. (2015) asserted that transpersonal psychology is an essential component of the history of the humanistic movement, which encompasses the mind, body, and soul because it investigated altered states of awareness such as meditation. Understanding Human Behavior and Experiences Human existence is a journey that begins in this life and goes into the next. The afterlife is a renewal and change of the current planet (Valk, 2012). Worldviews acknowledge functional and structural viewpoints and are not limited to traditional faiths alone. Recently, society has become more individualized, and faith groups are diminishing. The Christian viewpoint is a way of life in which the adage "practice what you teach" is recognized. According to Valk (2012), Catholics believe in a higher force, which is believed to be God, the creator of all beings. However, Christians think that there is an afterlife known as paradise. Even though spirituality is unclear, it is beneficial and encompasses all aspects of humankind. The afterlife lives outside our corporeal realm and manifests as a new being and existence. According to Maslow's research on self-actualization, self-esteem is at the heart of

4 humanistic psychology due to the importance of fundamental ideas such as growth and well- being. But Mruk and Skelly (2017) claimed that self-esteem results from behaviorism and only pertains to people living in individualistic societies. Abraham Maslow is the father of humanistic psychology. His idea of self-actualization laid the groundwork for future humanistic psychologists. In contrast, Carl Rogers thought people could change for the best and seek fulfillment through counseling and psychotherapy. Generally, both thinkers thought the humanistic movement heightened consciousness, creativity, and accountability (Schneider et al., 2015). Analysis of Psychoanalysis / Psychodynamic Theory Humanistic psychology was founded by Maslow, Rogers, May, and Bugental, who restored the concept of "Self" into the psychological theory to comprehend people's lives better. These thinkers held distinct views of the self than the psychoanalytic ego. They found a distinction between the authentic self and how individuals perceive themselves (Schneider et al., 2015). People are reacting and respond according to their own views of how things are, not how they truly are. However, Schneider et al. (2015) stress the importance of the Freudian theory of ego in personality. However, Rogers thought everyone could grow, develop, and reach their maximum potential. Analysis of Behaviorism Consequently, behaviorism is a branch of natural science that examines human thoughts and observations. According to behaviorism, learning occurs when an individual reacts to exterior stimuli beneficially. In other words, they were rewarded if a person completed a job effectively. The self was an essential subject in early psychology and is regarded as a

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