PSY 210 Assignment 1 Textbook Review Questions-1 FIXED

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Delaware County Community College *

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210

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Psychology

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Jan 9, 2024

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This course content may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. You may download course materials for your own use, and upload into our Learning Management System. You may not and may not allow others to reproduce or distribute course materials publicly. Public distribution of course materials is in violation of DCCC Policy 2.4 Academic Honesty . =========================================================================================== PSY 210 Assignment 1 (135 pts total) Chapter 1 1) Match the 5 steps of the Scientific Method below to each description for this summarized study : 5 a) The objective of the Bundy et al (2023) study examined the specific association of Social Determinants of Health as mediators of racial and ethnic disparities in premature all-cause mortality in US adults. b) Bundy et al (2023) found that Black and Hispanic adults had higher prevalence of negative Social Determinants of Health compared with White adults and that a dose–response association with premature mortality existed, with having six or more negative Social Determinants of Health increasing mortality by a factor of 7 compared with having no negative Social Determinants of Health. c) Bundy et al (2023) over 10 survey cycles from 1999-2018 used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination along with ascertainment of death data for 48, 170 adults aged 20-74 years old. d) Bundy et al (2023) provided the final edited manuscript titled “Social determinants of health and premature death among adults in the USA from 1999 to 2018: a national cohort study” to Lancet Public Health. e) Bundy et al (2023) speculated whether the Social Determinants of Health framework adequately explained the patterns of disparate health outcomes. 1) Question: a Hypothesis: e Experimentation: c Results: b Conclusion: d 2) Identify below each argument as Nature or Nurture. 4 a) In #1, the argument that Social Determinants of Health are the driving factor in premature death is an argument of: b) Even though children are bombarded with hetero-normative language, images, attitudes from parents, peers, and media, some grow up with same-sex attraction, showing that sexual orientation is largely driven by: c) Ramamurthy et al (2015) suggest time outdoors as a protective factor in childhood myopia (near-sightedness) due to intensity of light, chromaticity of daylight, and increased Vitamin D intake. d) In 1927 the Supreme Court ruled that States could sterilize inmates of public institutions including those with intellectual disabilities, preventing those who are “manifestly unfit from continuing their kind” and stating, “three generations of imbeciles are enough.” This deeply embedded eugenic belief aligns with: 2) A. Nurture B. Nature C. Nature D. Nature 3) Sentse et al (2011) found that parental separation related to increased externalizing problems for children low on effortful control , whereas it was only related to increased internalizing problems for children high on fearfulness . This would be an example of: 3) Moderation 4) Identify (match) Critical Period or Sensitive Period. 4 a) Lenneberg (1967) argued that automatic first-language acquisition absolutely needed to occur between the ages of 2 and 14 years old to attain native-like fluency of language.

b) Choi et al (2021) hypothesize that the lighting, vast spatial areas, optical refocusing of outdoor exposure increases healthy eye development and likely decreases myopia in childhood. This may suggest that eye development has a: c) Lenneberg also proposed that second-language learning could occur after puberty, but only through deliberate, conscious effort and with little success at reaching native fluency. d) In the 1960’s Thalidomide was prescribed as a remedy for morning sickness. If taken between 24-36 days after conception, infants were born with malformed extremities. Such evidence shows that limb development has a: 4) A. Critical Period B. Critical Period C. Sensitive Period D. Critical Period 5) Look at Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems model. Match which System: 3 a. Child A lives in a country that puts little national funding to schools instead relying on local funding via property tax/value and income, creating large disparities in education quality. This child’s development is being influenced by the large: b. Child A does not have access to art, music because the school board cut programs due to limited funding. The child’s development is influenced by the school board decision which happens in the: c. Child A is learning math with outdated materials and technology. Child A’s immediate experience is the: 5) A. Macrosystem B. Mesosystem C. Microsystem 6) Parent A helps their child bake cupcakes . They give just enough help to measure flour, crack eggs, mix and stir, pour batter and prep the oven. They pronounce words, talk through steps and each describe how they feel when they smell the cakes baking waiting for the timer! Vygotsky would say “See, I told you that’s how development occurs.” Why? 3 6) Vygotsky would see this as supporting evidence for his theory because his theory as a whole revolves around children developing through social interaction, speaking, and provided support as long as it is within the child's proximal zone of development From book section: Theories of Human Development. For 7-17, match the theorist/theory to the example. 11 7) If your child is throwing a tantrum, you must ignore the tantrum and only praise calm behavior. Who would say this? 7) Skinner 8) After children know how to add, then teach them to multiple by teaching it as “multiple additions”. They will easily create this new scheme . Who would say this? 8) Piaget 9) Avoid harsh, hostile criticism of children’s effort and exploration when these activities end inconveniently for you; children at this stage are particularly sensitive to the crisis of guilt . Who would say this? 9) Erikson 10) Your teenager lacks self-control because they lacked discipline earlier in childhood and are now fixated in the Anal Stage. Who would say this? 10) Freud 11) Children who bully have parents who are hostile. The most direct explanation is through children’s observational and modeling skills . Who would say this? 11) Bandura 12) It is important to have a calm serene environment when feeding your infant so the infant associates feeding with relaxation . Who would say this? 12) Vygotsky

13) In order to stop your teen’s behavior, you must remove things they desire like phone access, driving, or socializing with peers. Who would say this? 13) Skinner 14) Test anxiety is a learned response . Children associate the test with failure. Who would say this? 14) Bandura 15) This theory is outdated due to its emphasis on male roles, long term impact of toilet learning, and mother as a love object: 15) Freud 16) Preschoolers lack the ability to apply logical mental operations , but effectively engage in pretend, sociodramatic play. Who would say this? 16) Piaget 17) Give your adolescent room to grow, they must differentiate themselves, try to stand out, measure up, and fit in; they are coming to terms with “Who am I? ”. Who would say this? 17) Erikson 18) In Clark & Hatfield’s studies on sex differences in mating behavior, 60-70% of males agree to a request to have sex where 0% of females agreed to the request. A(n) psychologist may say these mating/sexual behaviors developed in part because males have unlimited sperm and females have limited eggs.1 18) Evolutionary 19) Identify below as Independent Variable (IV) OR Dependent Variable (DV):2 a) In education research, outcomes measures like GPA, Grades, SAT scores would be the: b) In studies, Anger Management Programs or Social Skills Training Interventions would be the: c) In #1 above, premature all-cause mortality would be the: d) In #4b above, outdoor exposure would be the: 19) A. Dependent Variable B. Independent Variable C. Dependent Variable D. Independent Variable 20) Use your understanding of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal designs. 4 a) Olson et al (2022) in their article titled "Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition” examined the gender identities and retransitions of 317 transgender 8 year olds. At the conclusion of the study, the most common finding was for early transitioning transgender youth to continue to identify that way. This study is Longitudinal because it studied: b) Cabello et al (2016) measured Emotional Intelligence in a sample of Spanish adults aged 17-76 years. They conclude that age influences EI because both younger and older adults scored lower in EI than the middle aged adults. This study is Cross-Sectional because it studied: 20) A. They followed the same group of people over an extended period of time B. They experimented with different age groups at the same time and did a comparison that way 21) Apply your understanding of Correlations. In #1, the authors found a correlation between SDoH and Premature Death. Is that a Positive or Negative Correlation?1 If researchers found a correlation between Social Media usage and Teen Self-Esteem. Is that hypothesized to be a Positive or Negative Correlation?1

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21) Negative Correlation 22) In #21 above, Social Media Use and Teen Self-Esteem represents the classic caution “correlation does not imply causation.” Explain the 2 directions of possible cause using those variables. 4 **Notice: as a model, your book uses the “Dentist and Obesity” example where “more dentists could cause less obesity (nutrition education)” OR “less obesity (active community) could cause more dentists to want to live there.” 22) The only 2 directions I can see this going is “Social media use affecting teen self-esteem” and “Teen self-esteem affecting social media use. 23) Identify as Quantitative Research or Qualitative Research? 4 a) Unveiling the Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction in Healthcare Professionals. b) Measuring personality traits to predict academic achievement. c) Examining the Perceptions of Body Image among Adolescent Girls. d) Connecting minutes of screen time after 8pm to cortisol levels. 23) A. Quantitative Research B. Quantitative Research C. Qualitative Research D. Quantitative Research Chapter 2 24) Identify as Genotype or Phenotype: 2 a) You notice that your sibling has dimples. b) A person with Turner’s Syndrome has XO at the 23 rd chromosome pair. 24) A. Phenotype B. Genotype 25) How is sex chromosomally determined? 2 25) The presence of the Y chromosome determines “sex”. If the Y chromosome is present, then the child will be Male and if not the child will be Female 26) Why do recessive traits carried on the X affect sons more than daughters? 2 26) This would likely be because of the fact the sons have only one X chromosome and with the daughter having 2 X chromosomes, the other X could potentially carry a dominant trait which would “override” the recessive trait is most cases. 27) When do we have all the organs, body parts (except sex organs) of a human being, including elbows and knees? 1 27) In the embryonic stage 28) Consult the Critical Period chart Fig. 2.5 (p. 55-6) 5 a) Leg abnormalities would occur during the Embryonic Period. True False b) Teeth abnormalities have a long Low Risk window. True False c) The High Risk window for Eye Abnormalities is between what months? d) Teratogenic insult at 24 weeks will not cause Heart Abnormalities because: e) The longest High Risk window is for what structure?

28) A. True B. False C. 30-48 months D. By this time, most major organs are done developing including the heart E. Central Nervous System 29) From the box “At About This Time: Average Prenatal Weights” (p. 59) 5 a) The Age of Viability: The approximate weeks and average weight in grams are: b) When is the end of what is considered Preterm: c) In nonmetric, what is considered low birthweight (below): d) Average full term birthweight is: 29) A. 22-26 weeks and 1.3-1.5 pounds B. 37 weeks gestation C. below 5.5 pounds or 2500 grams D. 7-8 pounds or 3.2-3.6 kilograms 30) What are 2 consequences of LBW in infants? 2 30) Health Complications and Long term challenges with development For #31-34, see MODULE PAGE for materials if needed. 31. Review what you learned about Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model. Then see the Module Page for the University of Minnesota revised 6-Stage Socio-Ecological Model . Consider 1 (ONE) Lifespan Development topic below [pick only 1] and respond below to 31a ! 18 *The US has the highest infant & maternal mortality rates of comparable countries… *Child A does not get health care, well visits, check-ups because health insurance is tied to parental employment… *Adult B had a stroke and cannot work. They can’t afford assisted living (on disability, medicare $) and family members don’t have the space or skill to have Adult B live with them… *Gun violence has become the #1/2 cause of death for children/teens in the US, in other countries gun violence rarely makes the list of causes… *A new parent thinks “Like most US workers, no paid parental leave. I could take unpaid parental leave; no paycheck is tough. Or do I go back to work, then the paycheck will almost go directly to pay for childcare…” 31a. Explain 1 factor from EACH of the 6 levels of influence of the Socio-Ecological Model that think best apply to the topic you choose. Society: Societal conflict, such as political crises, migration, displacement, war, and civil strife, heighten risk Policy: Decisions about laws, policies, regulations, resources, and money directly and indirectly impact mental health

Communities: People are shaped by their social environment Organization: Access is impacted by cost, insurance, location, transportation, childcare, and time Relationships: People are shaped by their social environment Individual: Adaptability 32) Read p. 13-14 Ethnic and Racial Groups/Intersectionality ; Watch the Module video on Intersectionality. “Identity isn’t simply a self-contained unit. It is a relationship…” a) What argument (from the text) is presented that race/ethnicity are social constructions? 2 b) Use yourself (or someone you know, or a generic “person” if not comfortable personalizing ). What are 4 major identity elements that intersect AND how has that Intersectionality conferred risk, advantage or a bit of both? 12 c) Read the OPPOSING PERSPECTIVES: PESTICIDES box (p. 57). Explain how Identity Intersectionality creates the risk, human expendability. 4 32) A. The example I got from the video since I don’t have the book yet was the comparison of African-American girls being 6 times more likely to be suspended than White girls. Crenshaw went on to say that gender isn’t just something internally recognized, rather it’s a socially accepted way to identify someone that looks as a female does B. Using myself, I would probably start off with my ethnicity. Being an African-American in this country sometimes subjects me to discrimination, racism, and finding a place to work. Being a Male give me some societal advantages in certain areas such as leadership and capability (in CERTAIN instances), but it also brings expectations that some may find too much to handle such as limiting how emotional you are and masculinity and some others. Im 20 years old, so being a young adult brings me opportunities for growth and change but also hinders me when it comes to how serious people take me because of how young I am in the grand scheme of things. Lastly, economic status. I didn’t come from much money so off the bat I was limited to lesser opportunities, resources, and ways to get around. This had to do with my education, my home life, my social life, and everything in between. C. 33) Prenatal Testing: Watch the videos and visit the links. a) Distinguish between Screening and Diagnostic Tests. 4 b) What are 2 types of Screening, what can they screen for? 4 c) What are 2 types of Diagnostic, what can they screen for? 4 33) A. Screenings find who’s at a higher risk for what and no symptoms need to be present it’s a more preventative action and Diagnostics try to find whether a certain condition or disease is positive or negative or in other words present or not with symptoms present to try to help prevent further development B. Mass screening for groups of people and Selective Screening for high-risk people only C. Ultrasound, which helps get pictures of organs and vessels in real-time. Blood tests which use a person’s blood to help identify diseases 34) Genetic and Chromosomal Anomalies/Gene Disorders (Ch.2 Problems and Solutions) 20 Pick 2 (two) from below [ or select any other of interest to you !].

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See materials on Module Page or, of course, search on your own. For both, write a paragraph summarizing the condition [in general include relevant material such as what is the condition, what is the genetic cause, what are the risk factors, what are the symptoms/phenotype, what are treatments, interventions, prognosis…use your best judgment for the topics you choose! ] Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Fragile X Syndrome Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Placental Abruption Sickle Cell Turner’s Syndrome 34) 1. I’ll first go with Sickle Cell Anemia. I chose this one because my girlfriend is a carrier of the disease. Sickle cell disease is a genetic condition affecting red blood cells, making them curved and sticky instead of their usual flexible round shape. This disease can cause blockages in small blood vessels, leading to severe pain, infections, and organ damage. Symptoms include fatigue, frequent pain episodes called "crises," and increased vulnerability to infections. Risk factors involve a family history of the disease. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, including pain relief medications, antibiotics for infections, and sometimes blood transfusions or bone marrow transplants. While there's no cure, proper care can help individuals with sickle cell disease lead relatively normal lives, although they might experience periodic health challenges. 2. Secondly, I’ll speak about Fragile X Syndrome. I hadn’t heard about it before so researching it and learning about was fun. Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that impacts a person's development, specifically cognitive abilities and behavior. It's caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene (Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1) on the X chromosome. This mutation affects the production of a protein essential for brain development. Individuals with Fragile X might experience learning disabilities, intellectual challenges, and behavioral issues such as anxiety, hyperactivity, and social difficulties. Symptoms include delayed speech and language, as well as distinctive physical features like a long face or large ears. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, including educational interventions, speech therapy, and behavioral therapies for individual needs. While there's no cure, early intervention and supportive care can significantly improve outcomes and help individuals with Fragile X lead fulfilling lives. WebMD Cut/Paste Alcohol -- including wine, beer, and liquor -- is the leading preventable cause of birth defects in the U.S. In the womb, a baby doesn't have a fully developed liver that can process or break down alcohol, so it can easily get to and damage the baby's organs. That can cause:  Miscarriage. You can lose your baby during the early few months of pregnancy.  Stillbirth. You can lose your baby in the womb during the second half of your pregnancy.  Preterm labor. Drinking can make your baby arrive too early. Premature babies can have many health problems. Those often include breathing trouble and other issues linked to immature lungs or developmental problems due to underdeveloped brain or brain abnormalities.  Birth defects. Some babies are born with heart or kidney problems. Others may have trouble seeing or hearing or other health issues. Some of the most severe problems happen when a pregnant woman drinks in the first trimester , when the baby's brain starts to develop. But the second and third trimesters aren’t safe either. The brain is still developing then, and this process can be interrupted by even moderate amounts of alcohol.

There is no "safe" amount of alcohol that pregnant women can drink. And there is no time during pregnancy when it’s considered safe to drink alcohol, either. AI Generated “Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a condition that arises from prenatal exposure to alcohol. The causes of FASD are directly linked to maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, which can impair the development of the fetus's brain and body. Symptoms of FASD vary widely, encompassing physical, behavioral, and cognitive challenges. These may include facial abnormalities, growth deficiencies, learning difficulties, poor impulse control, memory problems, and social struggles. While there's no cure for FASD, early intervention and tailored treatments can help manage symptoms. Supportive therapies, educational interventions, behavioral strategies, and specialized services aim to address the individual's specific needs, optimizing their potential and enhancing their quality of life. The primary focus lies in providing a nurturing environment and tailored support systems to accommodate the unique challenges associated with FASD.”

PSY 210 Assignment 1 Textbook Review Questions-1 FIXED

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